quota / kw ut /n.配额；限额；定额
memorandumn.备忘录；便笺
discrepancy /dis krep nsi /n.不符；相差；矛盾
deri ve from源出，来自，得自；衍生于
bul k com m odi ty大宗商品，散装货物
the M i ni steri alConference部长级会议
al l ow for考虑到，虑及
safety val ve安全阀，安全活门
fai r com peti ti on公平竞争
I MF abbr. I nternati onalMonetary Fund联合国）国际货币基金组织[亦作I . M. F. ]
MFN abbr. Most Favored Nati on最惠国
1. Marrakesh Agreement （《马拉喀什协定》）： The Marrakech Agreem ent was an agreem ent igned in Marrakech， Morocco， in 1994. The agreement established the World Trade rganization， which came into being upon its entry into force on January 1， 1995. The arrakech Agreement developed out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade， hich it includes； but it supplemented it with several other agreements.
2. GATT （《关税与贸易总协定》）： The General Agreem ent on Tariffs and Trade （ typically bbreviated GATT） was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment nd was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International rade Organization （ ITO） . GATT was formed in1947 and lasted until 1994， when it was replaced by the World TradeOrganization in 1995.
3. Uruguay Round （乌拉圭回合谈判）： The Uruguay Round was the 8th round of ultilateral trade negotiations （ MTN） conducted within the framework of the General greement on Tariffs and Trade （ GATT） ， spanning from 1986 to 1994 and embracing 110 countries as“contracting parties”. The Round transformed the GATT into the World rade Organization.
4. Doha Development Round （多哈回合谈判）： The Doha Development Round or Doha evelopment Agenda （ DDA） is the current trade-negotiation round of the World Trade rganization （ WTO） which commenced in November 2001. Its objectiveis to lower trade barriers around the world， which allows countries to increase trade globally. As of 2008， talks have stalled over a divide on major issues， such as agriculture， industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers， services， and trade remedies.
5. Centre William Rappard （威廉·拉培中心）： The Centre William Rappard at Rue de ausanne 154， Geneva， Switzerland， was built between 1923 and 1926 to house the nternational Labour Office （ ILO） . It was the first building in Geneva designed to house n international organization. In 1975 the ILO moved to Grand Saconnex and in1977 the Centre William Rappard was occupied by the secretariat of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade（ GATT） ， the UN High Commissioner for Refugees， and the library of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. By 1995， the World Trade Organization （ WTO） replaced the GATT and became the main occupant of the Centre William Rappard.
I Phrase translation from Chinese to English.
1.最不发达国家 2.生产补贴 3.出口补贴 4.进口许可
5.全球配额6.基础税率7.反倾销措施8.国际收支条款
9.北美自由贸易区10.贸易和投资自由化和便利化
II Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions in the box and you may change word forms wherever necessary.
commitments bear out procedure infringe
resolvedealensureconsultation
The WTO s procedure for （ 1）trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is vital for enforcing therules and thereforefor （ 2）that tradeflows smoothly. Countries bring disputes to theWTO if they think their rights under theagreements are being （ 3）. Judgments by specially-appointed independent experts are based on interpretations of the agreements and individual countries （ 4）.
The system encourages countries to settle their differences through （ 5）. Failing that， they can follow a carefully mapped out， stage-by-stage （ 6）that includes the possibility of a ruling by a panel of experts， and the chance to appeal theruling on legal grounds. Confidence in the systemis （ 7）by the number of cases brought to the WTO—around 300 cases in eight years compared to the300 disputes （ 8） with during the entire life of GATT （ 1947 - 1994） .
III Paragraph translation from English into Chinese.
Any State or separate customs territory may request the Preparatory Committee to propose for approval by theMinisterial Conference of the WTO the terms of its accession to the WTO Agreement in accordance with Article XII of that Agreement. If such a request is made by a State or separate customs territory which is in the process of acceding to GATT 1947， the Preparatory Committeeshall， to the extent practicable， examine the request jointly with the Working Party established by the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947 to examine the accession of that State or separate customs territory.
IV Paragraph translation from Chinese into English.
一方面， WTO除了承担以前由GATT承担的职责以外，还承担了更多的职责；另一方面， WTO是一个组织，这一事实也为其改变自身在国际贸易体系中的角色提供了潜力和机会，至少在一定程度上它不再是GATT秘书处以前所必然扮演的“GATT成员的被动性工具”角色。
V Oral work.
China s accession to the WTO lasted 15 years and 5 months. Why could it take such a long time？ Talk something about the accession process.
Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization
Dispute settlement is regarded by the World Trade Organization （ WTO） as the central pillar of the multilateral trading system， and as the organization s“unique contribution to the stability of the global economy”. A dispute arises when one member country adopts a trade policy measure or takes some action that one or more fellow members considers to a breach of WTO agreements or to be a failure to live up to obligations. By joining the WTO， member countries have agreed that if they believe fellow members are in violation of trade rules， they will use the multilateral system of settling disputes instead of taking action unilaterally—this entails abiding by agreed procedures （ Dispute Settlement Understanding） and respecting judgments， primarily of the Dispute Settlement Body （ DSB） ， the WTO organ responsible for adjudication of disputes. A former WTO Director-General characterized the WTO dispute settlement system as“the most active international adjudicative mechanism in the world today”.
