第5章 历年阅读理解真题详解

2001年1月真题

A

Dogs are social animals and without proper training， they will behave like wild animals.They will soil your house， destroy your belongings， bark excessively， fight other dogs and even bite you.Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong thing.The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting.

One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train (驯服) it.Obedience training doesn t solve all behavior problems， but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem.Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog.Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.

Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order.When your dog obeys a simple request of“e here sit”，it is showing obedience and respect for you.It is not necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack (群)by using extreme measures.You can teach your dog its subordinate (从属的)role by teaching it to show submission to you.Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge.

Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog.It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable.A welltrained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal.

1. Behavior problems of dogs are believed to.

A.be just part of their nature

B.worsen in modern society

C.occur when they go wild

D.present a threat to the community

2.The primary purpose of obedience training is to.

A.teach the dog to perform clever tricks

B.make the dog aware of its owner s authority

C.provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior

D.enable the dog to regain its normal behavior

3.Effective communication between a dog and its owner is.

A.essential to solving the dog s behavior problems

B.the foundation for dogs to perform tasks

C.a good way to teach the dog new tricks

D.an extreme measure in obedience training

4.Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters？

A.To avoid being punished.

B.To show their affection for their masters.

C.To win leadership of the dog pack.

D.To show their willingness to obey.

5.When a dog has received effective obedience training， its owner.

A.can give the dog more rewards

B.will enjoy a better family life

C.can give the dog more freedom

D.will have more confidence in himself

B

Engineering students are supposed to be examples of practicality and rationality， but when it comes to my college education I am an idealist and a fool.In high school I wanted to be an electrical engineer and， of course， any sensible student with my aims would have chosen a college with a large engineering department， famous reputation and lots of good labs and research equipments.But that s not what I did.

I chose to study engineering at a small liberalarts(文科)university that doesn t even offer a major in electrical engineering.Obviously， this was not a practical choice； I came here for more noble reasons.I wanted a broad education that would provide me with flexibility and a value system to guide me in my career.I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren t studying science or engineering.My parents， teachers and other adults praised me for such a sensible choice.They told me I was wise and mature beyond my 18 years，and I believed them.

I headed off to college sure I was going to have an advantage over those students who went to big engineering “tories”where they didn t care if you had values or were flexible.I was going to be a complete engineer： technical genius and sensitive humanist (人文学者） all in one.

Now I m not so sure.Somewhere along the way my noble ideals crashed into reality， as all noble ideals eventually do.After three years of struggling to balance math， physics and engineering courses with liberalarts courses， I have learned there are reasons why few engineering students try to reconcile (协调)engineering with liberalarts courses in college.

The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don t mix as easily as I assumed in high school.Individually they shape a person in very different ways； together they threaten to confuse.The struggle to reconcile the two fields of study is difficult.

6.The author chose to study engineering at a small liberalarts university because he.

A.wanted to be an example of practicality and rationality

B.intended to be a combination of engineer and humanist

C.wanted to coordinate engineering with liberalarts courses in college

D.intended to be a sensible student with noble ideals

7.According to the author， by interacting with people who study liberal arts， engineering students can.

A.balance engineering and the liberal arts

B.receive guidance in their careers

C.become noble idealists

D.broaden their horizons

8.In the eyes of the author， a successful engineering student is expected.

A.to have an excellent academic record

B.to be wise and mature

C.to be imaginative with a value system to guide him

D.to be a technical genius with a wide vision

9.The author s experience shows that he was.

A.creative B.ambitious

C.unrealistic D.irrational

10.The word “y” in “together they threaten to confuse.”(Line 4，Para.5) refers to.

A.engineering and the liberal arts

B.reality and noble ideals

C.flexibility and a value system

D.practicality and rationality

C

Priscilla Ouchida s “rgyefficient”house turned out to be a horrible dream.When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago，they built a 100 000， threebedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks， the house was equipped with small doublepaned (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energysaving features.Problems began as soon as the couple moved in， however.Priscilla s eyes burned.Her throat was constantly dry.She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep.It was as though she had suddenly developed a strange illness. Experts finally traced the cause of her illness.The level of formaldehyde (甲醛) gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers.The source of the gas？ Her new kitchen cabinets and walltowall carpeting.

The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution， which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation s drive to save energy.The problem itself isn t new.“ indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along， ”says Moschandreas， a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland.“rgy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases.” The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap， home builders didn t worry much about unsealed cracks.Because of such leaks， the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor air about once an hour.As pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels.

11.It can be learned from the passage that the Ouchidas house.

A.is well worth the money spent on its construction

B.is almost faultless from the point of energy conservation

C.failed to meet energy conservation standards

D.was designed and constructed in a scientific way

12.What made the Ouchidas new house a horrible dream？

A.Lack of fresh air.

B.Poor quality of building materials.

C.Gas leakage in the kitchen.

D.The newly painted walls.

13.The word “entuate” ( Line 6，Para.2)most probably means.

A.relieve B.accelerate

C.worsen D.improve

14.Why were cracks in old houses not a big concern？

A.Because indoor cleanliness was not emphasized.

B.Because energy used to be inexpensive.

C.Because environmental protection was given top priority.

D.Because they were technically unavoidable.

15.This passage is most probably taken from an article entitled“”.

A.Energy Conservation

B.House Building Crisis

C.Air Pollution Indoors

D.Traps in Building Construction

D

In 1993， New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage (饮料)containers.Within a year， consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles.Plenty of companies were eager to accept the aluminum and glass as raw materials for new products.But because few could figure our what to do with the plastic， much of it wound up buried in landfills (垃圾填埋场).The problem was not limited to New York.Unfortunately， there were too few uses for secondhand plastic.

Today，one out of five plastic soda bottles is recycled(回收利用)in the United States.The reason for the change is that now there are dozens of companies across the country buying discarded plastic soda bottles and turning them into fence posts，paint brushes，etc.

As the New York experience shows， recycling involves more than simply separating valuable materials from the rest of the rubbish.A discard remains a discard until somebody figures out how to give it a second life—and until economic arrangements exist to give that second life value.Without adequate markets to absorb materials collected for recycling， throwaways actually depress prices for used materials.

Shrinking landfill space， and rising costs for burying and burning rubbish are forcing local governments to look more closely at recycling.In many areas， the East Coast especially， recycling is already the least expensive wastemanagement option.For every ton of wastes recycled， a city avoids paying for its disposal， which， in parts of New York， amounts to savings of more than 100 per ton.Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.

16.What regulation was issued by New York State concerning beverage containers？

A.Beverage companies should be responsible for collecting and reusing discarded plastic soda bottles.

B.Throwaways should be collected by the state for recycling.

C.A fee should be charged on used containers for recycling.

D.Consumers had to pay for beverage containers and could get their money back on returning them.

17.The returned plastic bottles in New York used to.

A.end up somewhere underground

B.be turned into raw materials

C.have a secondlife value

D.be separated from other rubbish

18.The key problem in dealing with returned plastic beverage containers is.

A.to sell them at a profitable price

B.how to turn them into useful things

C.how to reduce their recycling costs

D.to lower the prices for used materials

19.Recycling has become the first choice for the disposal of rubbish because.

A.local governments find it easy to manage

B.recycling has great appeal for the jobless

C.recycling causes little pollution

D.other methods are more expensive

20.It can be concluded from the passage that.

A.rubbish is a potential remedy for the shortage of raw materials

B.local governments in the U.S.can expect big profits from recycling

C.recycling is to be recommended both economically and environmentally

D.landfills will still be widely used for waste disposal2001年6月真题

A

People living on parts of the south coast of England face a serious problem.In 1993， the owners of a large hotel and of several houses discovered， to their horror， that their gardens had disappeared overnight.The sea had eaten into the soft limestone cliffs on which they had been built.While experts were studying the problem， the hotel and several houses disappeared altogether， sliding down the cliff and into the sea.

Erosion (侵蚀) of the white cliffs along the south coast of England has always been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years.Dozens of homes have had to be abandoned as the sea has crept farther and farther inland.Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people， forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.

Angry owners have called on the Government to erect sea defenses to protect their homes.Government surveyors have pointed out that in most cases， this is impossible.New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go further along the coast， shifting the problem from one area to another.The danger is likely to continue， they say， until the waves reach an inland area of hard rock which will not be eaten as limestone is.Meanwhile， if you want to buy a cheap house with an uncertain future， apply to a house agent in one of the threatened areas on the south coast of England.You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.

1.What is the cause of the problem that people living on parts of the south coast of England face？

A.The disappearance of hotels， houses and gardens.

B.The experts lack of knowledge.

C.The rising of the sea level.

D.The washingaway of limestone cliffs.

2.The erosion of the white cliffs in the south of England.

A.will soon become a problem for people living in central England

B.has now become a threat to the local residents

C.is quickly changing the map of England

D.can be stopped if proper measures are taken

3.The experts study on the problem of erosion can.

A.lead to its eventual solution

B.provide an effective way to slow it down

C.help to prevent it from worsening

D.warn people whose homes are in danger

4.It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because.

A.it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areas

B.the government is too slow in taking action

C.they will be easily knocked down by waves and currents

D.house agents along the coast do not support the idea

5.According to the author， when buying a house along the south coast of England， people should.

A.be aware of the potential danger involved

B.guard against being cheated by the house agent

C.take the quality of the house into consideration

D.examine the house carefully before making a decisionB

Sport is not only physically challenging， but it can also be mentally challenging.Criticism from coaches， parents， and other teammates， as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes (运动员).Stress can be physical， emotional， or psychological， and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout.Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.

The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself.The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place.Young athletes can， for example， learn how to cooperate with others， make friends， and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.

Coaches and parents should be aware， at all times， that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children.Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find a flaw (缺陷) in themselves.

Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children.The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons.In today s youth sport setting， young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport.Following a game， many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances.Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome.Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism.Again， criticism can create high levels of stress， which can lead to burnout.

6.An effective way to prevent the burnout of young athletes is.

A.to make sports less competitive

B.to make sports more challenging

C.to reduce their mental stress

D.to increase their sense of success

7.According to the passage sport is positive for young people in that.

A.it can help them learn more about society

B.it teaches them how to set realistic goals for themselves

C.it enables them to find flaws in themselves

D.it can provide them with valuable experiences

8.Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes.

A.without realizing criticism may destroy their self confidence

B.in order to make them remember life s lessons

C.believing that criticism is beneficial for their early development

D.so as to put more pressure on them

9.According to the passage parents and coaches should.

A.help children to win every game

B.pay more attention to letting children enjoy sports

C.enable children to understand the positive aspect of sports

D.train children to cope with stress

10.The author s purpose in writing the passage is.

A.to persuade young children not to worry about criticism

B.to stress the importance of positive reinforcement to children

C.to discuss the skill of combining criticism with encouragement

D.to teach young athletes how to avoid burnout

C

Humanity uses a little less than half the water available worldwide.Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts (干旱) are causing famine and distress in some areas， and industrial and agricultural byproducts are polluting water supplies.Since the world s population is expected to double in the next 50 years， many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread water crisis.

But that doesn t have to be the outcome.Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past.Just as we began to appreciate petroleum more after the 1970s oil crises， today we must start looking at water from a fresh economic perspective.We can no longer afford to consider water a virtually free resource of which we can use as much as we like in any way we want.

Instead， for all uses except the domestic demand of the poor families， governments should price water to its actual value.This means charging a fee for the water itself as Well as for the supply costs.

Governments should also protect this resource by providing water in more economically and environmentally sound ways.For example， often the cheapest way to provide irrigation (灌溉) water in the dry tropics is through smallscale projects， such as gathering rainfall in depressions (凹地) and pumping it to nearby cropland.

No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently， they must change their institutional and legal approaches to water use.Rather than spread control among hundreds or even thousands of local， regional， and national agencies that watch various aspects of water use， countries should set up central authorities to coordinate water policy.

11.What is the real cause of the potential water crisis？

A.The world population is increasing faster and faster.

B.Half of the world s water resources have been seriously polluted.

C.Humanity has not placed sufficient value on water resources.

D.Only half of the world s water can be used.

12.As indicated in the passage， the water problem.

A.has been exaggerated by some experts in the field

B.is underestimated by government organizations at different levels

C.poses a challenge to the technology of building reservoirs

D.is already serious in certain parts of the world

13.According to the author， the water price should.

A.correspond to its real value

B.be reduced to the minimum

C.stimulate domestic demand

D.take into account the occurrences of droughts

14.The author says that in some hot and dry areas it is advisable to.

A.build big lakes to store water

B.construct big pumping stations

C.channel water from nearby rivers to cropland

D.build small and cheap irrigation systems

15.In order to raise the efficiency of the water supply， measures should be taken to.

A.centralize the management of water resources

B.increase the sense of responsibility of agencies at all levels

C.guarantee full protection of the environment

D.encourage local and regional control of water resources

D

We can see how the product life cycle works by looking at the introduction of instant coffee. When it was introduced， most people did not like it as well as “ular” coffee， and it took several years to gain general acceptance (introduction stage).At one point， though， instant coffee grew rapidly in popularity， and many brands were introduced (stage of rapid growth).After a while， people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off (stage of maturity).Sales went into a slight decline（衰退) when freezedried coffees were introduced (stage of decline).

The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this： Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies.The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline.One strategy is called market modification.It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections.Did you know， for example， that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military？

Market modification also means searching for increased usage among present customers or going for a different market， such as senior citizens.A marketer may reposition the product to appeal to new market sections.

Another product extension strategy is called product modification.It involves changing product quality， features， or style to attract new users or more usage from present users.American auto manu facturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets.Note， also， how auto manufacturers once changed styles dramatically from year to year to keep demand from falling.

16.According to the passage， when people grow fond of one particular brand of a product， its sales will.

A.decrease gradually B.remain at the same level

C.become unstable D.improve enormously

17.The first paragraph tells us that a new product is.

A.not easily accepted by the public

B.often inferior to old ones at first

C.often more expensive than old ones

D.usually introduced to satisfy different tastes

18.Marketers need to know which of the four stages a product is in so as to.

A.promote its production B.work out marketing policies

C.speed up its life cycle D.increase its popularity

19.The author mentions the example of “kpacks” (Line 6， Pars.2) to show the importance of.

A.pleasing the young as well as the old

B.increasing usage among students

C.exploring new market sections

D.serving both military and civil needs

20.In order to recover their share of the world market， U.S.auto makers are.

A.improving product quality

B.increasing product features

C.modernizing product style

D.repositioning their product in the market2002年1月真题

A

Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse.They see a day in the nottoodistant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust.Other authorities， however， think the auto is here to stay.They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.

The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years.It should become smaller， safer， and more economical， and should not be powered by the gasoline engine.The car of the future should be far more pollutionfree than present types.

Regardless of its power source， the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion (拥挤).One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.

When the auto enters the highway system， a retractable (可伸缩的) arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail， which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically.Once attached to the rail， the car will become electrically powered from the system， and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer.The computer will then monitor all of the car s movements.

The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system.The computer will calculate the best route， and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway.The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer (蜂鸣器) that will warn him of his coming exit.It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10 000 vehicles per hour， compared with the 1 500 to 2 000 vehicles that can be carried by a presentday highway.

1.One significant improvement in the future car will probably be.

A.its power source

B.its driving system

C.its monitoring system

D.its seating capacity

2.What is the author s main concern？

A.How to render automobiles pollutionfree.

B.How to make smaller and safer automobiles.

C.How to solve the problem of traffic jams.

D.How to develop an automated subway system.

3.What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system？

A.A rail.B.An engine.

C.A retractable arm. D.A computer controller.

4.In an automated highway system， all the driver needs to do is.

A.keep in the right lane

B.wait to arrive at his destination

C.keep in constant touch with the computer center

D.inform the system of his destination by phone

5.What is the author s attitude toward the future of autos？

A.Enthusiastic. B.Pessimistic.

C.Optimistic. D.Cautious.

B

Foxes and farmers have never got on well.These small doglike animals have long been accused of killing farm animals.They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.

Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population.Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside， with a group of specially trained dogs， followed by men and women riding horses.When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.

People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport； they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers， and follow strict codes of behavior.But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive， so most hunters are wealthy.

It is estimated that up to 100 000 people watch or take part in fox hunting.But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting， because they think it is brutal (残酷的)， has risen sharply.Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation (冲突) between hunters and hunt saboteurs (阻拦者).Sometimes these incidents lead to violence， but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox s smell， which the dogs follow.

Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself.But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport.A Labour Party Member of the Parliament， Mike Foster， is trying to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal. If the law is passed， wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain.

6.Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes.

A.for recreation

B.in the interests of the farmers

C.to limit the fox population

D.to show off their wealth

7.What is special about fox hunting in Britain？

A.It involves the use of a deadly poison.

B.It is a costly event which rarely occurs.

C.The hunters have set rules to follow.

D.The hunters have to go through strict training.

8.Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game.

A.by resorting to violence

B.by confusing the fox hunters

C.by taking legal action

D.by demonstrating on the scene

9.A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to.

A.prohibit farmers from hunting foxes

B.forbid hunting foxes with dogs

C.stop hunting wild animals in the countryside

D.prevent largescale fox hunting

10.It can be inferred from the passage that.

A.killing foxes with poison is illegal

B.limiting the fox population is unnecessary

C.hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent

D.foxhunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich

C

For an increasing number of students at American universities， Old is suddenly in.The reason is obvious： the graying of America means jobs.Coupled with the aging of the babyboom (生育高峰) generation， a longer life span means that the nation s elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years.By 2050， 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65， up from 14 percent in 1995.The change poses profound questions for government and society， of course.But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions， and in law and business as well.“addition to the doctors， we re going to need more sociologists， biologists， urban planners and specialized lawyers，” says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern California s (USC) School of Gerontology(老年学).

Lawyers can specialize in “er law，” which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing home abuse and age discrimination (歧视).Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers， 74 million strong， are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history.“ student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with， say， an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money，” one professor says.

Margarite Santos is a 21yearold senior at USC.She began college as a biology major but found she was “lly bored with bacteria.” So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it.She says， “id volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying.”

11.“Old is suddenly in” (Line 2， Para.1) most probably means.

A.America has suddenly become a nation of old people

B.gerontology has suddenly become popular

C.more elderly professors are found on American campuses

D.American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students

12.With the aging of America， lawyers can benefit.

A.from the adoption of the “er law”

B.from rendering special services to the elderly

C.by enriching their professional knowledge

D.by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests

13.Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market？

A.Retirees are more generous in spending money.

B.They can employ more gerontologists.

C.The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.

D.There are more elderly people working than before.

14.Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage？

A.Retirees who are businessminded.

B.The volunteer workers in retirement homes.

C.College graduates with an MBA or law degree.

D.Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.

15.It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of America s elderly population.

A.will provide good job opportunities in many areas

B.will impose an unbearable burden on society

C.may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination

D.will create new fields of study in universities

D

The decline in moral standards—which has long concerned social analysts—has at last captured the attention of average Americans.And Jean Bethke Elshtain，for one，is glad.

The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nation s moral climate， says this ethics (伦理学) professor at the University of Chicago， is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.

But the challenge is not to be underestimated.Materialism and individualism in American society are the biggest obstacles.“ thought that ‘I m in it for me has become deeply rooted in the national consciousness，” Ms.Elshtain says.

Some of this can be attributed to the disintegration of traditional communities， in which neighbors looked out for one another， she says.With today s greater mobility and with so many couples working， those bonds have been weakened， replaced by a greater emphasis on self.

In a 1996 poll of Americans， loss of morality topped the list of the biggest problems facing the U.S.And Elshtain says the public is correct to sense that： Data show that Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s， such as classroom violence and a high rate of births to unmarried mothers.

The desire for a higher moral standard is not a lament (挽歌) for some nonexistent “den age，” Elshtain says， nor is it a wishful (一厢情愿的) longing for a time that denied opportunities to women and minorities.Most people， in fact， favor the lessening of prejudice.

Moral decline will not be reversed until people find ways to counter the materialism in society， she says.“wly， you recognize that the things that matter are those that can t be bought.”

16.Professor Elshtain is pleased to see that Americans.

A.have adapted to a new set of moral standards

B.are longing for the return of the good old days

C.have realized the importance of material things

D.are awakening to the lowering of their moral standards

17.The moral decline of American society is caused mainly by.

A.its growing wealth

B.the selfcenteredness of individuals

C.underestimating the impact of social changes

D.the prejudice against women and minorities

18.Which of the following characterizes the traditional communities？

A.Great mobility.

B.Concern for one s neighbors.

C.Emphasis on individual effort.

D.Everweakening social bonds.

19.In the 1950s， classroom violence.

A.was something unheard of

B.was by no means a rare occurrence

C.attracted a lot of public attention

D.began to appear in analysts data

20.According to Elshtain， the current moral decline may be reversed.

A.if people can return to the “den age”

B.when women and men enjoy equal rights

C.when people rid themselves of prejudice

D.if less emphasis is laid on material things2002年6月真题

A

In the 1960s， medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events.They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful.Negative events like “ious illness of a family member” were high on the list but so were some positive lifechanging events like marriage.When you take the HolmesRahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with.And we now know that the way you handle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy.

By the early 1970s， hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe.And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports.Somehow， the research got boiled down to a memorable message.Women s magazines ran headlines like “ess causes illness！” If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy the articles said， avoid stressful events.

But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow.Even if stressful events are dangerous many — like the death of a loved one—are impossible to avoid.Moreover， any warning to avoid all stressful events is a preion (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble.Since any change can be stressful a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry， have a child， take a new job or move.

The notion that all stress makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people.It assumes we re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity (逆境).But what about human initiative and creativity？ Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before.We also know that a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom and physical and mental strain.

1.The result of HolmesRahe s medical research tells us.

A.the way you handle major events may cause stress

B.what should be done to avoid stress

C.what kind of event would cause stress

D.how to cope with sudden changes in life

2.The studies on stress in the early 1970 s led to .

A.widespread concern over its harmful effects

B.great panic over the mental disorder it could cause

C.an intensive research into stressrelated illnesses

D.popular avoidance of stressful jobs

3.The score of the HolmesRahe test shows.

A.how much pressure you are under

B.how positive events can change your life

C.how stressful a major event can be

D.how you can deal with lifechanging events

4.Why is “h simplistic advice” (Line 1， Para.3) impossible to follow？

A.No one can stay on the same job for long.

B.No preion is effective in relieving stress.

C.People have to get married someday，

D.You could be missing opportunities as well.

5.According to the passage people who have experienced ups and downs may become.

A.nervous when faced with difficulties

B.physically and mentally strained

C.more capable of coping with adversity

D.indifferent toward what happens to them

B

Most episodes of absentmindedness forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention， says Schacter.“ re supposed to remember something， but you haven t encoded it deeply.”

Encoding， Schacter explains， is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations.If you put your mobile phone in a pocket， for example， and don t pay attention to what you did because you re involved in a conversation， you ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜).“r memory itself isn t failing you，” says Schacter.“her， you didn t give your memory system the information it needed.”

Lack of interest can also lead to absentmindedness.“an who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago，” says Zelinski， “ not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men possibly because they pay more attention to their environment and memory relies on just that.

Visual cues can help prevent absentmindedness， says Schacter.“ be sure the cue is clear and available，” he cautions.If you want to remember to take a medication (药物) with lunch put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.

Another common episode of absentmindedness： walking into a room and wondering why you re there.Most likely you were thinking about something else.“ryone does this from time to time，” says Zelinski.The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room and you ll likely remember.

6.Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important？

A.It helps us understand our memory system better.

B.It enables us to recall something from our memory.

C.It expands our memory capacity considerably.

D.It slows down the process of losing our memory.

7.One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that.

A.they have a wider range of interests

B.they are more reliant on the environment

C.they have an unusual power of focusing their attention

D.they are more interested in what s happening around them

8.A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because.

A.it will easily get lost

B.it s not clear enough for you to read

C.it s out of your sight

D.it might get mixed up with other things

9.What do we learn from the last paragraph？

A.If we focus our attention on one thing， we might forget another.

B.Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.

C.Repetition helps improve our memory.

D.If we keep forgetting things， we d better return to where we were.

10.What is the passage mainly about？

A.The process of gradual memory loss.

B.The causes of absentmindedness.

C.The impact of the environment on memory.

D.A way of encoding and recalling.

C

It is hard to track the blue whale， the ocean s largest creature， which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species.Attaching radio devices to it is difficult and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.

So biologists were delighted early this year when， with the help of the Navy， they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days， monitoring its sounds.This was possible because of the Navy s formerly topsecret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans.

Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.

Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deepsea volcanic eruption (爆发) for the first time and that they plan similar studies.

Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures.

The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second—slower than through land but faster than through air.What is most important different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patient s chest to a doctor s ear.This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean especially lowfrequency ones， can often travel thousands of miles.

11.The passage is chiefly about.

A.an effort to protect an endangered marine species

B.the civilian use of a military detection system

C.the exposure of a U.S.Navy topsecret weapon

D.a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales

12.The underwater listening system was originally designed.

A.to trace and locate enemy vessels

B.to monitor deepsea volcanic eruptions

C.to study the movement of ocean currents

D.to replace the global radio communications network

13.The deepsea listening system makes use of.

A.the sophisticated technology of focusing sounds under water

B.the capability of sound to travel at high speed

C.the unique property of layers of ocean water in transmitting sound

D.lowfrequency sounds travelling across different layers of water

14.It can be inferred from the passage that.

A.new radio devices should be developed for tracking the endangered blue whales

B.blue whales are no longer endangered with the use of the new listening system

C.opinions differ as to whether civilian scientists should be allowed to use military technology

D.military technology has great potential in civilian use

15.Which of the following is true about the U.S.Navy underwater listening network？

A.It is now partly accessible to civilian scientists.

B.It has been replaced by a more advanced system.

C.It became useless to the military after the cold war.

D.It is indispensable in protecting endangered species.

D

The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操).Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness particularly aerobic dancing for females.A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement even a national chain with spas in most major cities.However， their focus was not on aerobics but rather on weighttraining programs designed to develop muscular mass， strength and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts.These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health since medical opinion suggested that weighttraining programs offered few， if any， health benefits.In recent years， however， weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females.Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.

Historically， most physicalfitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance， not for healthrelated reasons， but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics.However， in recent years， evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well.The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans.Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000 ： National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.

16.The word “s” (Line 4， Para.1) most probably refers to.

A.sports activities

B.places for physical exercise

C.recreation centers

D.athletic training programs

17.Early fitness spas were intended mainly for .

A.the promotion of aerobic exercise

B.endurance and muscular development

C.the improvement of women s figures

D.better performance in aerobic dancing

18.What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement？

A.Positive. B.Indifferent.

C.Negative. D.Cautious.

19.People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out.

A.how well they could do in athletics

B.what their health condition was like

C.what kind of fitness center was suitable for them

D.whether they were fit for aerobic exercise

20.Recent studies have suggested that weight training .

A.has become an essential part of people s life

B.may well affect the health of the trainees

C.will attract more people in the days to come

D.contributes to health improvement as well2003年1月真题

A

Like many of my generation， I have a weakness for hero worship.At some point， however， we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them.This leads us to ask： What is a hero？ Despite immense differences in cultures， heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.

A hero does something worth talking about.A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen.But a hero goes beyond mere fame.

Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves.Like highvoltage transformers， heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.

The hero lives a life worthy of imitation.Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth， enthusiasm， and meaning.A sure test for wouldbe heroes is what or whom do they serve？ What are they willing to live and die for？ If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame， they may be famous persons but not heroes.Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous， but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant？

Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change.They have a vision from the mountaintop.They have the skill and the charm to move the masses.They create new possibilities.Without Gandhi， India might still be part of the British Empire.Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King， Jr.， we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses， restaurants， and parks.It may be possible for largescale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities， but the pace of change would be slow， the vision uncertain， and the committee meetings endless.

1.Although heroes may come from different cultures， they.

A.generally possess certain inspiring characteristics

B.probably share some weaknesses of ordinary people

C.are often influenced by previous generations

D.all unknowingly attract a large number of fans

2.According to the passage， heroes are compared to highvoltage transformers in that.

A.they have a vision from the mountaintop

B.they have warm feelings and emotions

C.they can serve as concrete examples of noble principles

D.they can make people feel stronger and more confident

3.Madonna and Michael Jackson are not considered heroes because.

A.they are popular only among certain groups of people

B.their performances do not improve their fans morally

C.their primary concern is their own financial interests

D.they are not clear about the principles they should follow

4.Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who.

A.are good at demonstrating their charming characters

B.can move the masses with their forceful speeches

C.are capable of meeting all challenges and hardships

D.can provide an answer to the problems of their people

5.The author concludes that historical changes would.

A.be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualities

B.not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrifices

C.take place if there were heroes to lead the people

D.produce leaders with attractive personalities

B

According to a survey， which was based on the responses of over 188 000 students， today s traditionalage college freshmen are “e materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.

Not surprising in these hard times， the student s major objective “to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history hut accounting.

Interest in teaching， social service and the “ruistic” fields is at a low.On the other hand， enrollment in business programs， engineering and computer science is way up.

That s no surprise either.A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job —even before she completed her twoyear associate degree.

While it s true that we all need a career， it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions—be they scientific or artistic.It is equally true that， in studying the diverse wisdom of others， we learn how to think.More important， perhaps， education teaches us to see the connections between things， as well as to see beyond our immediate needs.

Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages， only to drive their employer out of business.No company， no job.How shortsighted in the long run！

But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages， we improve our moral sense.I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table； one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机) ： “s Baxter，” he says， “ld you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong？”

From the longterm point of view， that s what education really ought to be about.

6.According to the author s observation， college students.

A.have never been so materialistic as today

B.have never been so interested in the arts

C.have never been so financially well off as today

D.have never attached so much importance to moral sense

7.The students criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with.

A.the influences of their instructors

B.the financial goals they seek in life

C.their own interpretations of the courses

D.their understanding of the contributions of others

8.By saying “le it s true that... be they scientific or artistic” (Lines 14， Para.5)， the author means that.

A.business management should be included in educational programs

B.human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed

C.human intellectual development has reached new heights

D.the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked

9.Studying the diverse wisdom of others can.

A.create varying artistic interests

B.help people see things in their right perspective

C.help improve connections among people

D.regulate the behavior of modern people

10.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage？

A.Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrowminded.

B.Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong.

C.People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life.

D.Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.

C

New technology links the world as never before.Our planet has shrunk.It s now a “bal viilage” where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link.And， of course， our ability to benefit from this hightech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills.

Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad.In modern markets， success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts.

Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks.The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “ of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the company s plan for success， and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad.If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas， superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where crosscultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的).

Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications， even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets.

English is still the international language of business.But there is an evergrowing need for people who can speak another language.A second language isn t generally required to get a job in business， but having language skills gives a candidate the edge when other qualifications appear to be equal. The employee posted abroad who speaks the country s principal language has an opportunity to fastforward certain negotiations， and can have the cultural insight to know when it is better to move more slowly.The employee at the home office who can communicate well with foreign clients over the telephone or by fax machine is an obvious asset to the firm.

11.What is the author s attitude toward hightech communications equipment？

A.Critical. B.Prejudiced.

C.Indifferent. D.Positive.

12.With the increased use of hightech communications equipment， businesspeople.

A.have to get familiar with modern technology

B.are gaining more economic benefits from domestic operations

C.are attaching more importance to their overseas business

D.are eager to work overseas

13.In this passage， “ of sight and out of mind” (Lines 34， Para.3) probably means.

A.being unable to think properly for lack of insight

B.being totally out of touch with business at home

C.missing opportunities for promotion when abroad

D.leaving all care and worry behind

14.According to the passage， what is an important consideration of international corporations in employing people today？

A.Connections with businesses overseas.

B.Ability to speak the client s language.

C.Technical knowhow.

D.Business experience.

15.The advantage of employees having foreign language skills is that they can.

A.better control the whole negotiation process

B.easily find new approaches to meet market needs

C.fastforward their proposals to headquarters

D.easily make friends with businesspeople abroad

D

In recent years， Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they ve become wealthier and more worldlywise.Foreign travel is a national passion； this summer alone， one in 10 citizens will go abroad.Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere， Israelis are returning home expecting the same.American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers.Chains such as KFC， McDonald s and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service， using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff.Even the American habit of telling departing customers to “e a nice day” has caught on all over Israel.“ody wakes up in the morning and says， ‘Let s be nicer， ” says Itsik Cohen， director of a consulting firm.“hing happens with out competition.”

Privatization， or the threat of it， is a motivation as well.Monopolies (垄断者) that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry， a marketing professor， calls “ revengeful (报复的) consumer.” When the government opened up competition with Bezaq， the phone company， its international branch lost 40 % of its market share， even while offering competitive rates.Says Perry， “ple wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company， whose monopoly may be shortlived， has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman.Now， appointments are scheduled to the halfhour.The graceless ELAL Airlines， which is already at auction (拍卖)， has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan， “ can feel the change in the air.” For the first time， praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.

16.It may be inferred from the passage that.

A.customer service in Israel is now improving

B.wealthy Israeli customers are hard to please

C.the tourist industry has brought chain stores to Israel

D.Israel customers prefer foreign products to domestic ones

17.In the author s view， higher service standards are impossible in Israel.

A.if customer complaints go unnoticed by the management

B.unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbers

C.if there s no competition among companies

D.without strict routine training of employees

18.If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure，.

A.they can have it fixed in no time

B.it s no longer necessary to make an appointment

C.the appointment takes only half a day to make

D.they only have to wait half an hour at most

19.The example of ELAL Airlines shows that.

A.revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprises

B.an ad campaign is a way out for enterprises in financial difficulty

C.a good slogan has great potential for improving service

D.staff retraining is essential for better service

20.Why did Bezaq s international branch lose 40 % of its market share？

A.Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough.

B.Because customers were dissatisfied with its past service.

C.Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.

D.Because it no longer received any support from the government.2003年6月真题

A

On average， American kids aged 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school， eight hours more than they did in 1981.They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet (芭蕾舞).Involvement in sports， in particular， rose almost 50% from 1981 to 1997： boys now spend an average of four hours a week playing sports； girls log half that time.All in all， however， children s leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%.

“ldren are affected by the same time crunch (危机) that affects their parents，” says Sandra Hofferth， who headed the recent study of children s timetable.A chief reason， she says， is that more mothers are working outside the home.(Nevertheless， children in both doubleincome and “e breadwinner” households spent comparable amounts of time interacting with their parents， 19 hours and 22 hours respectively.In contrast， children spent only 9 hours with their single mothers.)

All work and no play could make for some very messedup kids.“y is the most powerful way a child explores the world and learns about himself，” says T.Berry Brazelton， professor at Harvard Medical School.Unstructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers， but kids ages 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it.

The children sampled spent a quarter of their rapidly decreasing “e time” watching television. But that， believe it or not， was one of the findings parents might regard as good news.If they re spending less time in front of the TV set， however， kids aren t replacing it with reading.Despite efforts to get kids more interested in books， the children spent just over an hour a week reading.Let s face it， who s got the time？

1.By mentioning “ same time crunch” (Line 1， Para.2) Sandra Hofferth means.

A.children have little time to play with their parents

B.children are not taken good care of by their working parents

C.both parents and children suffer from lack of leisure time

D.both parents and children have trouble managing their time

2.According to the author， the reason given by Sandra Hofferth for the time crunch is.

A.quite convincing B.partially true

C.totally groundless D.rather confusing

3.According to the author a child develops better if.

A.he has plenty of time reading and studying

B.he is left to play with his peers in his own way

C.he has more time participating in school activities

D.he is free to interact with his working parents

4.The author is concerned about the fact that American kids.

A.are engaged in more and more structured activities

B.are increasingly neglected by their working mothers

C.are spending more and more time watching TV

D.are involved less and less in household work

5.We can infer from the passage that.

A.extracurricular activities promote children s intelligence

B.most children will turn to reading with TV sets switched off

C.efforts to get kids interested in reading have been fruitful

D.most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children

B

H enry Ford， the famous U.S.inventor and car manufacturer， once said， “ business of America is business.” By this he meant that the U.S.way of life is based on the values of the business world.

Few would argue with Ford s statement.A brief glimpse at a daily newspaper vividly shows how much people in the United States think about business.For example， nearly every newspaper has a business section， in which the deals and projects， finances and management， stock prices and labor problems of corporations are reported daily.In addition， business news can appear in every other section.Most national news has an important financial aspect to it.Welfare， foreign aid， the federal budget， and the policies of the Federal Reserve Bank are all heavily affected by business.Moreover， business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places.The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as “ entertainment industry” or “w business.”

The positive side of Henry Ford s statement can be seen in the prosperity that business has brought to U.S.life.One of the most important reasons so many people from all over the world come to live in the United States is the dream of a better job.Jobs are produced in abundance (大量) because the U.S.economic system is driven by competition.People believe that this system creates more wealth， more jobs， and a materially better way of life.

The negative side of Henry Ford s statement， however， can be seen when the word business is taken to mean big business.And the term big business—referring to the biggest companies， is seen in opposition to labor.Throughout U.S.history working people have had to fight hard for higherwages， better working conditions， and the right to form unions.Today， many of the old labor disputes are over， but there is still some employee anxiety.Downsizing—the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for many.

6.The United States is a typical country.

A.which encourages free trade at home and abroad

B.where people s chief concern is how to make money

C.where all businesses are managed scientifically

D.which normally works according to the federal budget

7.The influence of business in the U.S.is evidenced by the fact that.

A.most newspapers are run by big businesses

B.even public organizations concentrate on working for profits

C.Americans of all professions know how to do business

D.even arts and entertainment are regarded as business

8.According to the passage， immigrants choose to settle in the U.S.， dreaming that.

A.they can start profitable businesses there

B.they can be more competitive in business

C.they will make a fortune overnight there

D.they will find better chances of employment

9.Henry Ford s statement can be taken negatively because.

A.working people are discouraged to fight for their rights

B.there are many industries controlled by a few big capitalists

C.there is a conflicting relationship between big corporations and labor

D.public services are not run by the federal government

10.A company s efforts to keep expenses low and profits high may result in.

A.reduction in the number of employees

B.improvement of working conditions

C.fewer disputes between labor and management

D.a rise in workers wages

C

P rofessor Smith recently persuaded 35 people， 23 of them women， to keep a diary of all their absentminded actions for a fortnight.When he came to analyse their embarrassing lapses (差错) in scientific report， he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings.Nor did the lapses appear to be entirely random (随机的).

One of the women， for instance， on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear.“ explanation for this is that the brain is like computer，” explains the professor.“ple programme themselves to do certain activities regularly.It was the woman s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “gramme assembly failures.”

Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing—an average of twelve each.There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest (荒谬可笑的).These are two hours some time between eight a.m.and noon， between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m.“ng men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain ‘programmes’ occurs， as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men—probably because they were more reliable reporters.

A startling finding of the research is that the absentminded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled.Normally， you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.

11.In his study Professor Smith asked the subjects.

A.to keep track of people who tend to forget things

B.to report their embarrassing lapses at random

C.to analyse their awkward experiences scientifically

D.to keep a record of what they did unintentionally

12.Professor Smith discovered that.

A.certain patterns can be identified in the recorded incidents

B.many people were too embarrassed to admit their absentmindedness

C.men tend to be more absentminded than women

D.absentmindedness is an excusable human weakness

13.“gramme assembly failures” (Line 89， Para.2 ) refers to the phenomenon that people.

A.often fail to programme their routines beforehand

B.tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurry

C.unconsciously change the sequence of doing things

D.are likely to mess things up if they are too tired

14.We learn from the third paragraph that.

A.absentmindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the day

B.women are very careful to perform actions during peak periods

C.women experience more peak periods of absentmindedness

D.men s absentmindedness often results in funny situations

15.It can be concluded from the passage that.

A.people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapses

B.hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good at

C.people should be careful when programming their actions

D.Lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentration

D

I t s no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them.That s especially true of children who remain in abusive homes because the law blindly favors biological parents.It s also true of children who suffer for years in foster homes (收养孩子的家庭) because of parents who can t or won t care for them but refuse to give up custody (监护) rights.

Fourteenyearold Kimberly Mays fits neither deion， but her recent court victory could eventually help children who do.Kimberly has been the object of an angry custody battle between the man who raised her and her biological parents， with whom she has never lived.A Florida judge ruled that the teenager can remain with the only father she s ever known and that her biological parents have “legal claim” on her.

The ruling， though it may yet be reversed， sets aside the principle that biology is the primary determinant of parentage.That s an important development， one that s long overdue.

Shortly after birth in December 1978， Kimberly Mays and another infant were mistakenly switched and sent home with the wrong parents.Kimberly s biological parents， Ernest and Regina Twigg， received a child who died of a heart disease in 1988.Medical tests showed that the child wasn t the Twiggs own daughter， but Kimberly was， thus sparking a custody battle with Robert Mays.In 1989， the two families agreed that Mr.Mays would maintain custody with the Twiggs getting visiting rights.Those rights were ended when Mr.Mays decided that Kimberly was being harmed.

The decision to leave Kimberly with Mr.Mays rendered her suit debated.But the judge made clear that Kimberly did have standing to sue (起诉) on her own behalf.Thus he made clear that she was more than just property to be handled as adults saw fit.

Certainly， the biological link between parent and child is fundamental.But biological parents aren t always preferable to adoptive ones， and biological parentage does not convey an absolute ownership that cancels all the rights of children.

16.What was the primary consideration in the Florida judge s ruling？

A.The biological link.

B.The child s benefits.

C.The traditional practice.

D.The parents feelings.

17.We can learn from the Kimberly case that.

A.children are more than just personal possessions of their parents

B.the biological link between parent and child should be emphasized

C.foster homes bring children more pain and suffering than care

D.biological parents shouldn t claim custody rights after their child is adopted

18.The Twiggs claimed custody rights to Kimberly because.

A.they found her unhappy in Mr.Mays custody

B.they regarded her as their property

C.they were her biological parents

D.they felt guilty about their past mistake

19.Kimberly had been given to Mr.Mays.

A.by sheer accident B.out of charity

C.at his request D.for better care

20.The author s attitude towards the judge s ruling could be described as.

A.doubtful B.critical

C.cautious D.supportive2004年1月真题

A

I m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago.While any of these statements might be true， they are practically impossible to prove scientifically.Still， I was struck by a report which concluded that today s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact， the analysis showed， normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.

Why are America s kids so stressed？ The report cites two main causes： increasing physical isolation—brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community， among other things—and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place.

Given that we can t turn the clock back， adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope. At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism.No child is an island.Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress.

To help kids build stronger connections with others， you can pull the plug on TVs and computers.Your family will thank you later.They will have more time for facetoface relationships， and they will get more sleep.

Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to.It s not just video games and movies； children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news.

Keep your expectations for your children reasonable.Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale.

Make exercise part of your daily routine.It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids.Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable.But it doesn t have to ruin your life.

1.The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people s state of mind are.

A.surprising B.confusing

C.illogical D.questionable

2.What does the author mean when he says， “can t turn the clock back” (Line 1， Para.3)？

A.It s impossible to slow down the pace of change.

B.The social reality children are facing cannot be changed.

C.Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten.

D.It s impossible to forget the past.

3.According to an analysis， compared with normal children today， children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago.

A.were less isolated physically

B.were probably less selfcentered

C.probably suffered less from anxiety

D.were considered less individualistic

4.The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is.

A.to provide them with a safer environment

B.to lower their expectations for them

C.to get them more involved socially

D.to set a good model for them to follow

5.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage？

A.Anxiety， though unavoidable， can be coped with.

B.Children s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated.

C.Children s anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care.

D.Anxiety， if properly controlled， may help children become mature.

B

It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside， the organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases.One thing， however， is certain： your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don t at least ask for it.Men tend to ask for more， and they get more， and this holds true with other resources， not just pay increases.Consider Beth s story：

I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it.We had cubicle (小隔间) offices and window offices.I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues.One by one they were moved into window offices， while I remained in the cubicles.Several males who were hired after me also went to offices.One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job.I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way.

It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit， but “e” isn t a quality attributed to most organizations.If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay， you ll probably have to ask for it.

Performance is your best bargaining chip (筹码) when you are seeking a raise.You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise.Timing is also a good bargaining chip.If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract， for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made， you are more likely to get the raise you want.

Use information as a bargaining chip too.Find out what you are worth on the open market.What will someone else pay for your services？

Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.

6.According to the passage， before taking a job， a person should.

A.demonstrate his capability

B.give his boss a good impression

C.ask for as much money as he can

D.ask for the salary he hopes to get

7.What can be inferred from Beth s story？

A.Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations.

B.If people want what they deserve， they have to ask for it.

C.People should not be content with what they have got.

D.People should be careful when negotiating for a job.

8.We can learn from the passage that.

A.unfairness exists in salary increases

B.most people are overworked and underpaid

C.one should avoid overstating one s performance

D.most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises

9.To get a pay raise， a person should.

A.advertise himself on the job market

B.persuade his boss to sign a longterm contract

C.try to get inside information about the organization

D.do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions

10.To be successful in negotiations， one must.

A.meet his boss at the appropriate time

B.arrive at the negotiation table punctually

C.be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction

D.be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes

C

When families gather for Christmas dinner， some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma s generation.Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver， and the dress code will be Sundaybest.

But in many other homes， this chinaandsilver elegance has given way to a stoneware (粗陶)andstainless informality， with dresses assuming an equally casualFriday look.For hosts and guests， the change means greater simplicity and comfort.For makers of fine china in Britain， it spells economic hard times.

Last week Royal Doulton， the largest employer in StokeonTrent， announced that it is eliminating 1 000 jobs onefifth of its total workforce.That brings to more than 4 000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery (陶瓷) region.Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier.

Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing， the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts.A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company “ been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend” toward casual dining.Families eat together less often， he explained， and more people eat alone， either because they are single or they eat in front of television.

Even dinner parties， if they happen at all， have gone casual.In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules， busy hosts insist， rightly， that it s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “l” dinner party.Too often， the perfect moment never comes.Iron a finepatterned tablecloth？ Forget it.Polish the silver？ Who has time？

Yet the loss of formality has its down side.The fine points of etiquette (礼节) that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents (“w with your mouth closed.”“p your elbows off the table.”) must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.

11.The trend toward casual dining has resulted in.

A.bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers

B.shrinking of the pottery industry

C.restructuring of large enterprises

D.economic recession in Great Britain

12.Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining？

A.Family members need more time to relax.

B.Busy schedules leave people no time for formality.

C.People want to keep Dractice economy in times of scarcity.

D.Young people won t follow the etiquette of the older generation.

13.It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is.

A.a retailer of stainless steel tableware

B.a dealer in stoneware

C.a pottery chain store

D.a producer of fine china

14.The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is.

A.the increased value of the pound

B.the economic recession in Asia

C.the change in people s way of life

D.the fierce competition at home and abroad

15.Refined table manners， though less popular than before in current social life，.

A.are still a must on certain occasions

B.are bound to return sooner or later

C.are still being taught by parents at home

D.can help improve personal relationships

D

Some houses are designed to be smart.Others have smart designs.An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects.

Located on the shore of Sullivan s Island off the coast of South Carolina，the awardwinning cubshaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane(飓风) Hugo 10 years ago.In September 1989，Hugo struck South Carolina，killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36 000 homes in the state.

Before Hugo，many new houses built along South Carolina s shoreline were poorly constructed，and enforcement of building codes wasn t strict，according to architect Ray Huff，who created the cleverlydesigned beach house.In Hugo s wake，all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter，better enforced codes.The new beach house on Sullivan s Island should be able to withstand a Category hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour.

At first sight，the house on Sullivan s Island looks anything but hurricaneproof.Its redwood shell makes it resemble“arge party lantern(灯笼)”at night，according to one observer.But looks can be deceiving.The house s wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.

To further protect the house from hurricane damage，Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings—long，slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand.Pilings might appear insecure，but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house.They also elevate the house above storm surges.The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it.“se swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beachfront buildings，”said Huff.

Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house s groundtoroof shell.“ shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn t look like it s standing with its pant legs pulled up，”said Huff.In the event of a storm surge，the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house，the architect explained.

16.After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo，new houses built along South Carolina s shoreline are required.

A.to be easily reinforced

B.to look smarter in design

C.to meet stricter building standards

D.to be designed in the shape of cubes

17.The awardwinning beach house is quite strong because.

A.it is strengthened by steel rods

B.it is made of redwood

C.it is in the shape of a shell

D.it is built with timber and concrete

18.Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to.

A.withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hr

B.anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand

C.break huge sea waves into smaller ones

D.prevent water from rushing into the house

19.The main function of the shell is.

A.to strengthen the pilings of the house

B.to give the house a better appearance

C.to protect the wooden frame of the house

D.to slow down the speed of the swelling water

20.It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be.

A.fancylookingB.waterproof

C.easily breakableD.extremely strong2004年6月真题

A

A is for always getting to work on time.

B is for being extremely busy.

C is for the conscientious (勤勤恳恳的）way you do your job.

You may be all these things at the office， and more.But when it comes to getting ahead， experts say， the ABCs of business should include a P， for politics， as in office politics.

Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago： Hard work alone doesn t ensure career advancement.You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas， both publicly and behind the scenes. Yet， despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics—a better job， a raise， praise—many people are still unable or unwilling to “y the game.”

“ple assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior，” says Deborah Comer， an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University.“ politics derives from the word ‘polite’.It can mean lobbying and forming associations.It can mean being kind and helpful， or even trying to please your superior， and then expecting something in return.”

In fact， today， experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue one s own selfinterest in the workplace.In many cases， this involves some form of socializing within the office environment—not just in large companies， but in small workplaces as well.

“ first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent basis，” says Neil P.Lewis， a management psychologist.“ if two or three candidates are up for a promotion， each of whom has reasonably similar ability， a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best.It s simple human nature.”

Yet， psychologists say， many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office.Some people， they say， have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed.Still others associate politics with flattery (奉承)， fearful that， if they speak up for themselves， they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors.

Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some selfpromotion.

1.“ice politics” (Line 3， Para.4) is used in the passage to refer to.

A.the code of behavior for company staff

B.the political views and beliefs of office workers

C.the interpersonal relationships within a company

D.the various qualities required for a successful career

2.To get promoted， one must not only be competent but.

A.give his boss a good impression

B.honest and loyal to his company

C.get along well with his colleagues

D.avoid being too outstanding

3.Why are many people unwilling to “y the game” (Line 6， Para.5)？

A.They believe that doing so is impractical.

B.They feel that such behavior is unprincipled.

C.They are not good at manipulating colleagues.

D.They think the effort will get them nowhere.

4.The author considers office politics to be.

A.unwelcome at the workplace

B.bad for interpersonal relationships

C.indispensable to the development of company culture

D.an important factor for personal advancement

5.It is the author s view that.

A.speaking up for oneself is part of human nature

B.selfpromotion does not necessarily mean flattery

C.hard work contributes very little to one s promotion

D.many employees fail to recognize the need of flattery

B

As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb， a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association， and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one.

“ Constitution，” said the association s spokesman， “es everyone the right to own arms.It doesn t spell out what kind of arms.But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb， the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves.”

“ t you think it s dangerous to have one in the house， particularly where there are children around ？”

“ National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon.We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (导火索) separately in a drawer.”

“e people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody.” The spokesman said， “rogen bombs don t kill people—people kill people.The bomb is for selfprotection and it also has a deterrent effect.If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house， they re going to think twice about breaking in.”

“ those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet， with the fuse in a drawer， you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder（侵入者）.”

“ther argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very expensive to build one.So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns.”

6.According to the passage， some people started a national association so as to.

A.block any legislation to ban the private possession of the bomb

B.coordinate the mass production of the destructive weapon

C.instruct people how to keep the bomb safe at home

D.promote the largescale sale of this newly invented weapon

7.Some people oppose the ownership of Hbombs by individuals on the grounds that.

A.the size of the bomb makes it difficult to keep in a drawer

B.most people don t know how to handle the weapon

C.people s lives will be threatened by the weapon

D.they may fall into the hands of criminals

8.By saying that the bomb also has a deterrent effect the spokesman means that it.

A.will frighten away any possible intruders

B.can show the special status of its owners

C.will threaten the safety of the owners as well

D.can kill those entering others houses by force

9.According to the passage， opponents of the private ownership of Hbombs are very much worried that.

A.the influence of the association is too powerful for the less privileged to overcome

B.poorlyeducated Americans will find it difficult to make use of the weapon

C.the wide use of the weapon will push up living expenses tremendously

D.the cost of the weapon will put citizens on an unequal basis

10.From the tone of the passage we know that the author is.

A.doubtful about the necessity of keeping Hbombs at home for safety

B.unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of Hbombs

C.not serious about the private ownership of Hbombs

D.concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons

C

S ign has become a scientific hot button.Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand.They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language， and throw new light on an old scientific controversy： whether language， complete with grammar， is something that we are born with， or whether it is a learned behavior.The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington， D.C.， the world s only liberal arts university for deaf people.

When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English， the school enrolled him in a course in signing.But Stokoe noticed something odd： among themselves， students signed differently from his class room teacher.

Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code， each movement of the hands representing a word in English.At the time， American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语).But Stokoe believed the “d talk” his students used looked richer.He wondered： Might deaf people actually have a genuine language？ And could that language be unlike any other on Earth？ It was 1955， when even deaf people dismissed their signing as “standard.” Stokoe s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说).

It is 37 years later.Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallau det campus and explaining how he started a revolution.For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English， French and Japanese.They assumed language must be based on speech， the modulation (调节) of sound.But sign language is based on the move ment of hands， the modulation of space.“t I said，” Stokoe explains， “that language is not mouth stuff—it s brain stuff.”

11.The study of sign language is thought to be.

A.a new way to took at the learning of language

B.a challenge to traditional views on the nature of language

C.an approach to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language

D.an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language

12.The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by.

A.a famous scholar in the study of the human brain

B.a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts

C.an English teacher in a university for the deaf

D.some senior experts in American Sign Language

13.According to Stokoe， sign language is.

A.a substandard language

B.a genuine language

C.an artificial language

D.an international language

14.Most educators objected to Stokoe s idea because they thought.

A.sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people

B.sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted

C.a language should be easy to use and understand

D.a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds

15.Stokoe s argument is based on his belief that.

A.sign language is as efficient as any other language

B.sign language is derived from natural language

C.language is a system of meaningful codes

D.language is a product of the brain

D

It came as something of a surprise when Diana， Princess of Wales， made a trip to Angola in 1997， to support the Red Cross s campaign for a total ban on all antipersonnel landmines.Within hours of arriving in Angola， television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines.“new the statistics，” she said.“ putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me； like when I met Sandra， a 13yearold girl who had lost her leg， and people like her.”

The Princess concluded with a simple message： “must stop landmines.” And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.

But， back in London， her views were not shared by some members of the British government， which refused to support a ban on these weapons.Angry politicians launched an attack on the Princess in the press.They described her as “y illinformed” and a “se cannon (乱放炮的人)”.

The Princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms： “s is a distraction (干扰) we do not need.All I m trying to do is help.”

Opposition parties， the media and the public immediately voiced their support for the Princess. To make matters worse for the government， it soon emerged that the Princess s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office， and that she was in fact very wellinformed about both the situation in Angola and the British government s policy regarding landmines.The result was a severe embarrassment for the government.

To try and limit the damage， the Foreign Secretary， Malcolm Rifkind， claimed that the Princess s views on landmines were not very different from government policy， and that it was “king towards” a worldwide ban.The Defence Secretary， Michael Portillo， claimed the matter was “isinterpretation or misunderstanding.”

For the Princess， the trip to this wartorn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause.She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems.

16.Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997.

A.to voice her support for a total ban of landmines

B.to clarify the British government s stand on landmines

C.to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there

D.to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims

17.What did Diana mean when she said “putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me” (Line 4， Para.1) ？

A.She just couldn t bear to meet the landmine victims face to face.

B.The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home.

C.Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics.

D.Seeing the pain of the victims made her realize the seriousness of the situation.

18.Some members of the British government criticized Diana because.

A.she was illinformed of the government s policy

B.they were actually opposed to banning landmines

C.she had not consulted the government before the visit

D.they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola

19.How did Diana respond to the criticisms？

A.She paid no attention to them.

B.She made more appearances on TV.

C.She met the 13yearold girl as planned.

D.She rose to argue with her opponents.

20.What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola？

A.It had caused embarrassment to the British government.

B.It had brought her closer to the ordinary people.

C.It had greatly promoted her popularity.

D.It had affected her relations with the British government.2005年1月真题

A

S cratchy throats， stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery， but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu (流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.

The American Lung Association (ALA.)has issued new guidelines on combating colds and the flu， and one of the keys is being able to quickly tell the two apart.That s because the preion drugs available for the flu need to be taken soon after the illness sets in.As for colds， the sooner a person starts taking overthecounter remedy， the sooner relief will come.

The common cold and the flu are both caused by viruses.More than 200 viruses can cause cold symptoms， while the flu is caused by three viruses—flu A， B and C.There is no cure for either illness， but the flu can be prevented by the flu vaccine (疫苗)， which is， for most people， the best way to fight the flu， according to the ALA.

But if the flu does strike， quick action can help.Although the flu and common cold have many similarities， there are some obvious signs to look for.

Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose， runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually， and adults and teens often do not get a fever.On the other hand， fever is one of the characteristic features of the flu for all ages.And in general， flu symptoms including fever and chills， sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.

The ALA notes that it may be particularly difficult to tell when infants and preschool age children have the flu.It advises parents to call the doctor if their small children have flulike symptoms.

Both cold and flu symptoms can be eased with overthecounter medications as well.However， children and teens with a cold or flu should not take aspirin for pain relief because of the risk of Reye syndrome (综合征)， a rare but serious condition of the liver and central nervous system.

There is， of course， no vaccine for the common cold.But frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with people who have colds can reduce the likelihood of catching one.

1.According to the author， knowing the cause of the misery will help.

A.shorten the duration of the illness

B.the patient buy medicine over the counter

C.the patient obtain cheaper preion drugs

D.prevent people from catching colds and the flu

2.We learn from the passage that.

A.one doesn t need to take any medicine if he has a cold or the flu

B.aspirin should not be included in overthecounter medicines for the flu

C.delayed treatment of the flu will harm the liver and central nervous system

D.overthecounter drugs can be taken to ease the misery caused by a cold or the flu

3.According to the passage， to combat the flu effectively，.

A.one should identify the virus which causes it

B.one should consult a doctor as soon as possible

C.one should take medicine upon catching the disease

D.one should remain alert when the disease is spreading

4.Which of the following symptoms will distinguish the flu from a cold？

A.A stuffy nose.B.A high temperature.

C.A sore throat.D.A dry cough.

5.If children have flulike symptoms， their parents.

A.are advised not to give them aspirin

B.should watch out for signs of Reye syndrome

C.are encouraged to take them to hospital for vaccination

D.should prevent them from mixing with people running a fever

B

In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States， many Americans are turning to Japan， a country of high academic achievement and economic success， for possible answers. However， the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find.In most Japanese preschools， surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction.In one investigation， 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers， child development specialists， and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education.Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents (答问卷者) listed “give children a good start academically” as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools.In contrast， over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices.To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond， Japanese schools do not teach reading， writing， and mathematics， but rather skills such as persistence， concentration， and the ability to function as a member of a group.The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.

In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education， 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools.Sixtytwo percent of the more individually oriented (强调个性发展的） Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices.An emphasis on the importance ot the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.

Like in America， there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education.Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims， such as early musical training or potential development.In large cities， some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools.Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a universitybased program， it will increase the children s chances of eventually being admitted to toprated schools and universities.Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.

6.We learn from the first paragraph that many Americans believe.

A.Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents

B.Japan s economic success is a result of its scientific achievements

C.Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction

D.Japan s higher education is superior to theirs

7.Most Americans surveyed believe that preschools should also attach importance to.

A.problem solving

B.group experience

C.parental guidance

D.individuallyoriented development

8.In Japan s preschool education， the focus is on.

A.preparing children academically

B.developing children s artistic interests

C.tapping children s potential

D.shaping children s character

9.Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to.

A.broaden children s horizon

B.cultivate children s creativity

C.lighten children s study load

D.enrich children s knowledge

10. Why do some Japanese parents send their children to universitybased kindergartens？

A.They can do better in their future studies.

B.They can accumulate more group experience there.

C.They can be individually oriented when they grow up.

D.They can have better chances of getting a firstrate education.

C

L ead deposits， which accumulated in soil and snow during the 1960 s and 70 s， were primarily the result of leaded gasoline emissions originating in the United States.In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States， the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.

A study published recently in the journal Nature shows that airborne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland， The new study is a result of the continued research led by Dr.Charles Boutron， an expert on the impact of heavy metals on the environment at the National Center for Scientific Research in France.A study by Dr.Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in arctic (北极的) snow were declining.

In his new study， Dr.Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gaso line used in the United States were different from the ratios of European， Asian and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate (区分) the lead sources.The dominant lead ratio found in Greenland snow matched that found in gasoline from the United States.

In a study published in the journal Ambio， scientists found that lead levels in soil in the North eastern United States had decreased markedly since the introduction of unleaded gasoline.

Many scientists had believed that the lead would stay in soil and snow for a longer period.

The authors of the Ambio study examined samples of the upper layers of soil taken from the same sites of 30 forest floors in New England， New York and Pennsylvania in 1980 and in 1990.The forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.

Scientists say both studies demonstrate that certain parts of the ecosystem (生态系统) respond rapidly to reductions in atmospheric pollution， but that these findings should not be used as a license to pollute.

11.The study published in the journal Nature indicates that.

A.the Clean Air Act has not produced the desired results

B.lead deposits in arctic snow are on the increase

C.lead will stay in soil and snow longer than expected

D.the US is the major source of lead pollution in arctic snow

12.Lead accumulation worldwide decreased significantly after the use of unleaded gas in the US.

A.was discouraged

B.was enforced by law

C.was prohibited by law

D.was introduced

13.How did scientists discover the source of lead pollution in Greenland？

A.By analyzing the data published in journals like Nature and Ambio.

B.By observing the lead accumulations in different parts of the arctic area.

C.By studying the chemical elements of soil and snow in Northeastern America.

D.By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries.

14.The authors of the Ambio study have found that.

A.forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected

B.lead accumulations in forests are more difficult to deal with

C.lead deposits are widely distributed in the forests of the US

D.the upper layers of soil in forests are easily polluted by lead emissions

15.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that scientists.

A.are puzzled by the mystery of forest pollution

B.feel relieved by the use of unleaded gasoline

C.still consider lead pollution a problem

D.lack sufficient means to combat lead pollution

D

Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in longterm maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately， that message has not gotten through to the average American， who would rather try switching to “ht” beer and lowcalorie bread than increase physical exertion.The Centers for Disease Control， for example， found that fewer than onefourth of overweight adults who were trying to shed pounds said they were combining exercise with their diet.

In rejecting exercise， some people may be discouraged too much by caloricexpenditure charts； for example， one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry (小甜饼).Even exercise professionals concede half a point here.“rcise by itself is a very tough way to lose weight，” says York Onnen， program director of the President s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports.

Still， exercise s supporting role in weight reduction is vital A study at the Boston University Medical Center of overweight police officers and other public employees confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight， while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.

If you have been sedentary (极少活动的) and decide to start walking one mile a day， the added exercise could burn an extra 100 calories daily.In a year s time， assuming no increase in food intake，you could lose ten pounds.By increasing the distance of your walks gradually and making other dietary adjustments， you may lose even more weight.

16.What is said about the average American in the passage？

A.They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of “ht” beer.

B.They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.

C.They prefer “ht” beer and lowcalorie bread to other drinks and food.

D.They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight.

17.Some people dislike exercise because.

A.they think it is physically exhausting

B.they find it hard to exercise while on a diet

C.they don t think it possible to walk 3 miles every day

D.they find consulting caloricexpenditure charts troublesome

18.“n exercise professionals concede half a point here” (Line 45， Para.2 ) means “y.

A.agree that the calories in a small piece of pastry can be difficult to work off by exercise

B.partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reduction

C.are not fully convinced that dieting can help maintain one s new weight

D.are not sufficiently informed of the positive role of exercise in losing weight

19.What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center s study？

A.Controlling one s calorie intake is more important than doing exercise.

B.Even occasional exercise can help reduce weight.

C.Weight reduction is impossible without exercise.

D.One could lose ten pounds in a year s time if there s no increase in food intake.

20.What is the author s purpose in writing this article？

A.To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center.

B.To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight.

C.To support the statement made by York Onnen.

D.To show the most effective way to lose weight.2005年6月真题

A

Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America s energy future？ President Bush certainly thinks so.He has argued that tapping ANWR s oil would help ease California s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country s energy independence.But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth， with the last government survey， conducted in 1998， projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.

The oil industry goes with the high end of the range， which could equal as much as 10 % of U.S. consumption for as long as six years.By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two to three decades， lobbyists claim， the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S.from Saudi Arabia.Sounds good.An oil boom would also mean a multibilliondollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues royalties (开采权使用费) and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government.Best of all， advocates of drilling say， damage to the environment would be insignificant.“ve never had a documented case of an oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice，” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.

Not so fast， say environmentalists.Sticking to the low end of government estimates， the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recover able oil in the coastal plain of ANWR， a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America s energy problems.And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits， because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases， environmental permits and regulatory review.As for ANWR s impact on the California power crisis， environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State s electricity output and just 3 % of the nation s.

1.What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR？

A.It will exhaust the nation s oil reserves.

B.It will help secure the future of ANWR.

C.It will help reduce the nation s oil imports.

D.It will increase America s energy consumption.

2.We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry.

A.believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields

B.tends to exaggerate America s reliance on foreign oil

C.shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR

D.expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia

3.Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that.

A.it can cause serious damage to the environment

B.it can do little to solve U.S.energy problems

C.it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region

D.it will not have much commercial value

4.What do the environmentalists mean by saying “ so fast” (Line 1， Para.3)？

A.Oil exploitation takes a long time.

B.The oil drilling should be delayed.

C.Don t be too optimistic.

D.Don t expect fast returns.

5.It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR s frozen earth.

A.remains a controversial issue

B.is expected to get under way soon

C.involves a lot of technological problems

D.will enable the U.S.to be oil independent

B

“r em apart！ “l the fool！ Murder the referee (裁判)！”

These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events.At the time they are made，they may seem innocent enough.But let s not kid ourselves.They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed.Volumes have been written about the way words affect us.It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may cause us to react inways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior.I see the term “onent”as one of those words.Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.

The dictionary meaning of the term “onent” is “ersary”； “my” ； “ who opposes yoreinterests.” Thus， when a player meets an opponent， he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy.At such times， winning may dominate one s intellect， and every action， no matter how gross，may be considered justifiable.I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not consider them wet enough.The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet Tshirt and then exclaimed， “ they wet enough now？”

In the heat of battle， players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way.I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent s intentional and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play.Off the court， they are good friends.Does that make any sense？ It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior. Therefore， I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game to the level where it belongs， thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world.Replacing the term “onent” with “ociate” could be an ideal way to start.

The dictionary meaning of the term “ociate” is “league”； “end” ； “panion.” Reflect a moment！ You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “ociate” rather than “onent.”

6.Which of the following statements best expresses the author s view？

A.Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.

B.The words people use can influence their behavior.

C.Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.

D.Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.

7.Harsh words are spoken during games because the players.

A.are too eager to win

B.are usually shorttempered and easily offended

C.cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitions

D.treat their rivals as enemies

8.What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves？

A.He refused to continue the game.

B.He angrily hit the referee with a ball.

C.He claimed that the referee was unfair.

D.He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his Tshirt.

9.According to the passage， players， in a game， may.

A.deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way

B.keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game

C.lie down on the ground as an act of protest

D.kick the ball across the court with force

10.The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by.

A.calling on players to use clean language on the court

B.raising the referees sense of responsibility

C.changing the attitude of players on the sports field

D.regulating the relationship between players and referees

C

Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodgepodge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products， according to a “en labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday.

Among the report s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings—a German fertilizer de scribed itself as “thworm friendly，” a brand of flour said it was “polluting， ”and a British toilet paper claimed to be “ironmentally friendlier.”

The study was written and researched by Britain s National Consumer Council (NCC.)for lobby group Consumers International.It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.

“le many good and useful claims are being made， it is clear there i s a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the products they buy，” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder.

The 10country study surveyed product packaging in Britain， Western Europe， Scandinavia and the United States.It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most en vironmental claims on average.

The report focused on claims made by specific products， such as detergents (洗涤剂)， insect sprays and by some garden products.It did not test the claims， but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO)in September， 1999.

Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2，000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.

“y products had speciallydesigned labels to make them seem environmentally friendly， but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing，” said report researcher Philip Page.

“ndry detergents made the most number of claims with 158.Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims， while paints were third on our list with 73.The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading，” he said.

The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging， because terms such as “ironmentally friendly” and “polluting” cannot be verified.“t we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO，” said Page.

11.According to the passage， the NCC found it outrageous that.

A.all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards

B.the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving

C.consumers would believe many of the manufacturers claims

D.few products actually prove to be environmentally friendly

12.As indicated in this passage， with so many good claims， the consumers.

A.are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy

B.are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling

C.are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment

D.still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment

13.A study was carried out by Britain s NCC to.

A.find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards

B.inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy

C.examine claims made by products against ISO standards

D.revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization

14.What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products？

A.They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems.

B.Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false.

C.They could arouse widespread anger among consumers.

D.Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don t need.

15.It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to.

A.make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements

B.see all household products meet environmental standards

C.warn consumers of the danger of socalled green products

D.verify the effects of nonpolluting products

D

Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world s largest black bears.They are in northern Pennsylvania s Pocono Mountains，a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.

The streams，lakes，meadows(草地)，mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region.Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats (栖息地) are endangered by highway construction.To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development，The Nature Conservancy(大自然保护协会)named the area one of America s Last Great Places.”

Operating out of a centuryold schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond，Pennsylvania，the Conservancy s Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection.By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose，the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14 000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.

Altemose s family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations.Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program.As a result，his family s land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7yearold grandson.

Cook attributes the Conservancy s success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents.

“ key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community，”Cook said.“ people who live here respect the land.They value quiet forests，clear streams and abundant wildlife.They are eager to help with conservation efforts.”

For more information on how you can help The Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world s other “t Great Places，”please call 18885646864，or visit us on the World Wide Web at www.tnc.org.

16.The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America s “t Great Places”is to.

A.gain support from the local community

B.protect it from irresponsible development

C.make it a better home for black bears

D.provide financial security for future generations

17.We learn from the passage that.

A.the population in the Pocono area is growing

B.wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly

C.the security of the Pocono residents is being threatened

D.farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast

18.What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook？

A.The setting up of an environmental protection website.

B.Support from organizations like The Nature Conservancy.

C.Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders.

D.Inclusion of farmlands in the region s protection program.

19.What does Bud Cook mean by “ing a local presence”(Line 2，Para.5)？

A.Financial contributions from local business leaders.

B.Consideration of the interests of the local residents.

C.The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area.

D.The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area.

20.The passage most probably is.

A.an official document

B.a news story

C.an advertisement

D.a research report2006年1月真题

A

Just five onehundredths of an inch thick， light golden in color and with a perfect “dle curl，” the Lay s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination.But its maker， FritoLay， thinks otherwise.“ato chips are a snack food for the world，” said Salman Amin， the company s head of global marketing.Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a FritoLay potato chip.

FritoLay is the biggest snack maker in America， owned by PepsiCo， and accounts for over half of the parent company s 3 billion annual profits.But the U.S.snack food market is largely saturated， and to grow， the company has to look overseas.

Its strategy rests on two beliefs： first， a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete， and second， consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “bal” as a concept.“bal” does not mean products that are consciously identified as American， but ones that consumers—especially young people—see as part of a modern， innovative (创新的) world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes.Potato chips are an American invention， but most Chinese， for instance， do not know that FritoLay is an American company.Instead， Riskey， the company s research and development head， would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business.

With brand perception a crucial factor， Riskey ordered a redesign of the FritoLay logo (标志) The logo， along with the company s longheld marketing image of the “esistibility” of its chips， would help facilitate the company s global expansion.

The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America， but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism.Rather， they see FritoLay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world.“re making products in those countries， we re adapting them to the tastes of those countries， building businesses and employing people and changing lives，” said Steve Reinemund， PepsiCo s chief executive.

1.It is the belief of FritoLay s head of global marketing that.

A.potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world market

B.their company must find new ways to promote domestic sales

C.the light golden color enhances the charm of their company s potato chips

D.people the world over enjoy eating their company s potato chips

2.What do we learn about FritoLay from Paragraph 2？

A.Its products used to be popular among overseas consumers.

B.Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack market.

C.It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company.

D.It needs to turn to the world market for development.

3.One of the assumptions on which FritoLay bases its development strategy is that.

A.consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brands

B.local brands cannot compete successfully with American brands

C.products suiting Chinese consumers needs bring in more profits

D.products identified as American will have promising market value

4.Why did Riskey have the FritoLay logo redesigned？

A.To suit the changing tastes of young consumers.

B.To promote the company s strategy of globalization.

C.To change the company s longheld marketing image.

D.To compete with other American chip producers.

5.FritoLay s executives claim that the promotion of American food in the international market.

A.won t affect the eating habits of the local people

B.will lead to economic imperialism

C.will be in the interest of the local people

D.won t spoil the taste of their chips

B

I n communities north of Denver， residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators as the Vrain School District tries to solve a 13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement. “re worried about our teachers and principals， and we really don t want to lose them because of this，” one parent said.“we can help ease their financial burden， we will.”

Teachers are grateful， but know it may be years before the district is solvent (有偿付能力的). They feel really good about the parent support， but they realize it s impossible for them to solve this problem.

The 22 000student district discovered the shortage last month.“s extraordinary.Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level，” said State Treasurer Mike Coffman.

Coffman and district officials last week agreed on a state emergency plan freeing up a 9.8 million loan that enabled the payroll (工资单) to be met for 2 700 teachers and staff in time for the holidays.

District officials also took 1.7 million from studentactivity accounts in its 38 schools. At Coffman s request， the District Attorney has begun investigating the district s finances.Coff man says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the November election， when voters approved a 212 million bond issue for schools.

In Frederick， students parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep firstyear teachers and principals in their jobs.

Some 36 000 has been raised in donations from Safeway.A Chevrolet dealership donated 10 000 and forgave the district s 10 750 bill for renting the driver education cars.IBM eontributed 4，500 packs of paper.

“employ thousands of people in this community，” said Mitch Carson， a hospital chief executive， who helped raise funds.“have children in the schools， and we see how they could be affected.”

At Creek High School， three students started a website that displays newspaper articles， district information and an email forum (论坛).“ors about what s happening to the district are moving at lightning speed， ”“id a student.” We wanted to know the truth， and spread that around instead.“

6.What has happened to the Vrain School District？

A.A huge financial problem has arisen.

B.Many schools there are mismanaged.

C.Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit.

D.Many administrative personnel have been laid off.

7.How did the residents in the Vrain School District respond to the budget shortage？

A.They felt somewhat helpless about it.

B.They accused those responsible for it.

C.They pooled their efforts to help solve it.

D.They demanded a thorough investigation.

8.In the view of State Treasurer Mike Coffman， the educational budget shortage is.

A.unavoidable B.unthinkable

C.insolvable D.irreversible

9.Why did Coffman request an investigation？

A.To see if there was a deliberate coverup of the problem.

B.To find out the extent of the consequences of the case.

C.To make sure that the school principals were innocent.

D.To stop the voters approving the 212 million bond issue.

10.Three high school students started a website in order to.

A.attract greater public attention to their needs

B.appeal to the public for contributions and donations

C.expose officials who neglected their duties

D.keep people properly informed of the crisis

C

“ans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food， love or exercise，” said Dr.Hans Selye， the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body.While there s no question that continuous stress is harmful， several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.

In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses， those who faced considerable work demands hut coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldn t get the job done.

Stress that you can manage may also boost immune (免疫的) function.In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam， researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences.In the first ， a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test， subjects believed they had control over the outcome.In the second， they weren t in control： They had to sit through a gory (血淋淋的) video on surgical procedures.Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A， an antibody that s the body s first line of defense against germs.The videowatchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.

Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones.In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect， including improved memory function.“y can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage，” says Dr.Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York.But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.

“tained stress is not good for you，” says Richard Morimoto， a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity (长寿).“s the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.”

11.The passage is mainly about.

A.the benefits of manageable stress

B.how to avoid stressful situations

C.how to cope with stress effectively

D.the effects of stress hormones on memory

12.The word “n” (Line 3， Para.1) most probably means.

A.cut down on

B.stay away from

C.run out of

D.put up with

13.We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that.

A.people under stress tend to have a poor memory

B.people who can t get their job done experience more stress

C.doing challenging work may be good for one s health

D.stress will weaken the body s defense against germs

14.In the experiment described in Paragraph 3， the videowatchers experienced a downturn in the antibody because.

A.the video was not enjoyable at all

B.the outcome was beyond their control

C.they knew little about surgical procedures

D.they felt no pressure while watching the video

15.Dr.Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that.

A.a person s memory is determined by the level of hormones in his body

B.stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brain

C.short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory function

D.a person s memory improves with continued experience of stressD

If you want to teach your children how to say sorry， you must be good at saying it yourself， especially to your own children.But how you say it can be quite tricky.

If you say to your children “ sorry I got angry with you， but...”， what follows that “” can render the apology ineffective： “ad a bad day” or “r noise was giving me a headache” leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.

Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “ sorry you re upset”； this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.

Then there is the general， allcovering apology， which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting， and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again.Saying “ useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement.

These pseudoapologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness： Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength， and therefore not resort to thesepseudoapologies.

But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition (悔悟)， children still need help to become aware of the complexities of saying sorry.A threeyearold might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does， and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology.A sixyearold might need reminding that spoiling other children s expectations can require an apology.A 12earold might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable， but that borrowing a parent s clothes without permission is not.

16.If a mother adds “” to an apology，.

A.she doesn t feel that she should have apologized

B.she does not realize that the child has been hurt

C.the child may find the apology easier to accept

D.the child may feel that he owes her an apology

17.According to the author， saying “ sorry you re upset” most probably means.

A.You have good reason to get upset

B.I m aware you re upset， but I m not to blame

C.I apologize for hurting your feelings

D.I m at fault for making you upset

18.It is not advisable to use the general， allcovering apology because.

A.it gets one into the habit of making empty promises

B.it may make the other person feel guilty

C.it is vague and ineffective

D.it is hurtful and insulting

19.We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry.

A.the complexities involved should be ignored

B.their ages should be taken into account

C.parents need to set them a good example

D.parents should be patient and tolerant

20. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is.

A.a social issue calling for immediate attention

B.not necessary among family members

C.a sign of social progress

D.not as simple as it seems2006年6月真题

A

Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years，enhanced by chronic(长久的) personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent.

Professionals seek career experience outside of their home countries for a variety of reasons.They may feel the need to recharge their batteries with a new challenge.They may want a position with more responsibility that encourages creativity and initiative.Or they may wish to expose their children to another culture，and the opportunity to learn a second language.

When applying for a job，one usually has to submit a resume or curriculum vitae (CV).The two terms generally mean the same thing：a oneor twopage document describing one s educational qualifications and professional experience.However，guidelines for preparing a résumé are constantly changing.The best advice is to find out what is appropriate regarding the corporate(公司) culture，the country culture，and the culture of the person making the hiring decision.The challenge will be to embrace two or more cultures in one document.The following list is a good place to start.

Educational requirements differ from country to country.In almost every case of “ssborder”job hunting，just stating the title of your degree will not be an adequate deion.Provide the reader with details about your studies and any related experience.

Pay attention to the résumé format you use—chronological or reversechronological order.Chronological order means listing your“est”work experience first.Reversechronological order means listing your current or most recent experience first.Most countries have preferences about which format is most acceptable.If you find no specific guidelines，the general preference is for the reversechronological format.

If you are submitting your résumé in English，find out if the recipient(收件人) uses British English or American English because there a re variations between the two versions.For example，university education is often referred to as “tiary education” in the United Kingdom，but this term is almost never used in the United States.A reader who is unfamiliar with these variations may assume that your résumé contains errors.

1.Companies are hiring more foreign employees because.

A.they find foreign employees are usually more talented

B.they need original ideas from employees hired overeseas

C.they want to expand their business beyond home borders

D.they have difficulty finding qualified personnel at home

2.The author believes that an individual who applies to work overseas.

A.is usually creative and full of initiative

B.aims to improve his foreign language skills

C.is dissatisfied with his own life at home

D.seeks either his own or his children s development

3.WQhen it comes to résumé writing，it is best to.

A.take cultural factors into consideration

B.learn about the company s hiring process

C.follow appropriate guidelines for job hunting

D.know the employer s personal likes and dislikes

4.When writing about qualifications，appkicants are advised to.

A.stress their academic potential to impress the decision maker

B.give the title of the university degree they have earned at home

C.provide a detailed deion of their study and work experiences

D.highlight their keen interest in pursuing a “ssborder”career

5.According to the author s last piece of advice，the applicants should be aware of.

A.the different educational systems in the US and the UK

B.the differences between the varieties of English

C.the recipient s preference with regard to the format

D.the distinctive features of American and British cultures

B

Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world.Women s education may be unusual territory for economists，but enhancing women s contribution to development is actually as much an economic s a social issue.And economics，with its emphasis on incentives(激励)，provides guideposts that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.

Parents in lowincome countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family：girls grow up only to marry into somebody else s family and bear children.Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school—the prophecy(预言) becomes selffulfilling，trapping women in a vicious circle(恶性循环) of neglect.

An educated mother，on the other hand，has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices.She is likely to have gfewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children，ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls，as well as of boys，will be educated and healthy.The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle.

Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits.But it has enormous economic advantages as well.Most obviously，there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers.Wages rise by 10 to 20 percent for each additional year of schooling.Such big returns are impressive by the standard of otehr avaliable investments，but they are just the beginnng.Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices，including family planning.

6.The author argues that educating girls in developing countries is.

A.troublesomeB.laborsaving

C.rewardingD.expensive

7.By saying“the prophecy becomes selffulfilling...”(Lines 34，Para.2)，the author means that.

A.girls will turn out to be less valuable than boys

B.girls will be capable of realizing their own dreams

C.girls wil leventually find their goals in life beyond reach

D.girls will be increasingly discontented with their life at home

8.The author believes that a vicious circle can turn into a virtuous circle when.

A.women care more about education

B.girls can gain equal access to education

C.a family has fewer but healthier children

D.parents can afford their dauthters education

9.WHat does the author say abut women s education？

A.It deserves greater attention than other social issues.

B.It is now given top priority in many developing countries.

C.It will yield greater returns than other known investments.

D.It has aroused the interest of a growing number of economists.

10.The passage mainly discusses.

A.unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countries

B.the potential earning power of welleducated women

C.the major contributions of educated women to society

D.the economic and social benefitis of educating women

C

Speeding off in a stolen car，the thief thinks he has got a great catch.But he is in for an unwelcome surprise.The car is fitted with a remote immobiliser(锁止器)，and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off，he will not be able to start it again.

The idea goes like this.A control box fitted to the car contains a minicellphone，a microprocessor and memory，and a GPS(全球定位系统) satellited positioning receiver.If the car is stolen，a coded cellphone signal will tell the control centre to block the vehicle s engine management system and prevent the engine being restarted.

In the UK，a set of technical fixes is already making life harder for car thieves.“ pattern of vehicle crime has changed，”says Martyn Randall，a security expert.He says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a person how to steal a car，using a bare minimum of tools.But only if the car is more than 10 years old.

Modern cars are far tougher to steal，as their engine management computer won t allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the igniton(点火)key.In the UK，technologies like this have helped achieve a 31% drop in vehiclerelated crime since 1997.

But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars，often by getting bold of the owner s keys.And key theft is responsible for 40% of the thefts of vehicles fitted with a tracking system.

If the car travels 100 metres without the driver confirming their ID，the system wil lsend a signal to an operations centre that it has been stolen.The hundred metres minimum avoids false alarms due to inaccuracies in the GPS signal.

Staff at the centre will then contact the owner to confirm that the car really is missing，and keep police informed of the vehicle s movements via the car s GPS unit.

11.What s the function of the remote immobilizer fitted to a car？

A.To help the police make a surprise attack on the car theif.

B.To allow the car to lock automatically when stolen.

C.To prevent the car theif from restarting it once it stops.

D.To prevent car theft by sending a radio signal to the car owner.

12.By saying “ pattern of vehicle crime has changed”(Lines 12，Para.3)，Martyn Randall suggests that.

A.it takes a longer time for the car thief to do the stealing

B.selfprepared tools are no longer enough for car theft

C.the thief has to make use of computer technology

D.the thief has lost interest in stealing cars over 10 years old

13.What is essential in making a modem car tougher to steal？

A.A coded ignition key.

B.A unique ID card.

C.A special cellphone signal.

D.A GPS satellite positioning receiver.

14.Why does the tracking system set a 100metre minimum before sending an alarm to the operations center？

A.To leave time for the operations centre to give an alarm.

B.To keep police informed of the car s movements.

C.To give the driver time to contact the operations centre.

D.To allow for possible errors in the GPS system.

15.What will the operations centre do first after receiving an alarm？

A.Start the tracking system.B.Contact the car owner.

C.Block the car engine.D.Locate the missing car.

D

Psychiatrists(精神病专家) who work with oder parents say that maturity can be an asset in child rearing—older parents are more thoughtful，use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children.But raising kids takes money and energy.Many older parents find themselves balancing their limited financial resources，declining energy and failing health against the growing demands of an active child.Dying and leaving young children is probably the oder parents biggest，and often unspoken，fear.Having latelife children，says an economics professor，often means parents，particularly fathers，“ up retiring much later.”For many，retirement becomes an unobtainable dream.

Henry Metcalf，a 54yearold journalist，knows it take smoney to raise kids.But he s also worried that his energy will give out first.Sure，he can still ride bikes with his athletic fifth grader，but he s learned that young at heart doesn t mean young.Lately he s been taking afternoon naps(午睡) to keep up his energy.“body is aging，”says Metcalf.“ can t get away from that.”

Often，oldre parents hear the ticking of another kind of biological clock.Therapists who work with middleaged and older parents say fears about aging are nothing to laugh at.“y worry they ll be mistaken for grandparents，or that they ll need help getting up out of those little chairs in nursery school.”says Joann Galst，a New York psychologist.But at the core of those little fears there is often a much bigger one：“t they won t be alive long enough to support and protect their child，”she says.

Many latelife parents，though，say their children came at just the right time.After marrying late and undergoing years of fertility(受孕) treatment，Marilyn Nolen and her husband，Randy，had twins.“both wanted children，”says Marilyn，who was 55 when she gave brith.The twins have given the couple what they desired for years，“ense of family.”

Kids of older dads are often smarter，happier and more sociable because their fathers are more involved in their lives.“ dads are oldre，more mature，”says Dr.Silber，“ more ready to focus on parenting.”

16.Why do psychiatirsits regard maturity as an asset in child rearing？

A.Older parents are often better prepared financially.

B.Older parents can take better care of their children.

C.Older parents are usually more experienced in bringing up their children.

D.Older parents can better balance their resources against children s demands.

17.What does the authour mean by saying “ many，retirement bvecomes an unobtainable dream”(Line 6，Para.1)？

A.They are reluctant to retire when they reach their retirement age.

B.They can t obtain the retirement vbenefits they have dreamed of.

C.They can t get full pension unless they work some extra years.

D.They have to go on working beyond their retirement age.

18.The author gives the example of Henry Metcalf to show that.

A.older parents should exercise more to keep up with their athetic children

B.many people are young in spirit despite their advanced age

C.older parents tend to be concerned about thier aging bodies

D.taking afternoon naps is a good way to maintain energy

19.What s the biggest fdear of loder parents according to New York psychologist Joan Galst？

A.Approaching of death.

B.Slowing down of their pace of life.

C.Being laughed at by other people.

D.Being mistaken for grandparents.

20.What do we learn about Marilyn and Randy Nolen？

A.They thought they were an example of successful fertility treatment.

B.Not until they reached middle age did they thnk of having children.

C.Not until they had the twins did they feel they had formed a family.

D.They believed that children born ofd older parents would be smarter.

2006年12月真题

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

There s an energy crisis in America， and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “ust can t get started.” People say. But it s not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure， we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth， people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy， the problem is not with your body.

What you re seeking is not physical energy. It s emotional energy. Yet， sad to say life sometimes seems designed to exhaust our supply. We work too hard. We have family obligations. We encounter emergencies and personal crises. No wonder so many of us suffer from emotional fatigue， a kind of utter exhaustion of the spirit.

And yet we all know people who are filled with joy， despite the unpleasant circumstances of their lives. Even as a child I observed people who were poor or disabled or ill， but who nonetheless faced life with optimism and vigor. Consider Laura Hillenbrand， who despite an extremely weak body wrote the bestseller Sea biscuit. Hillenbrand barely had enough physical energy to drag herself out of be to write. But she was fueled by having a story she wanted to share. It was emotional energy that helped her succeed.

Unlike physical energy， which is finite and diminishes with age， emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with genes or upbringing. So how do you get it？ You can t simply tell yourself to be positive. You must take action. Here are six practical strategies that work.

1.Do something new.

Very little that s new occurs in our lives. The impact of this sameness on our emotional energy is gradual， but huge： It s like a tire with a slow leak. You don t it at first， but eventually you ll get a flat. It s up to you to plug the leak—even though there are always a dozen reasons to stay stuck in your dull routines of life. That s where Maura， 36， a waitress， found herself a year ago.Fortunately， Maura had a lifeline—a group of women friends who meet regularly to discuss their lives. Their lively discussions spurred Maura to make small but nevertheless life altering changes. She joined a gym in the next town. She changed her look with a short haircut and new black Tshirts. Eventually， Maura gathered the courage to quit her job and start her own business.Here s a challenge： If it s something you wouldn t ordinarily do， do it. Try a dish you ve never eaten. Listen to music you d ordinarily tune out. You ll discover these small things add to your emotional energy.

2.Reclaim life s meaning.

So many of my patients tell me that their lives used to have meaning， but that somewhere along the line things went state.

The first step in solving this meaning shortage is to figure out what you really care about， and then do something about it. A case in point is Ivy， 57， a pioneer in investment banking. “istakenly believed that all the money I made would mean something.” she says. “ I feel lost， like a 22yearld wondering what to do with her life.” Ivy s solution？ She started a program that shows Wall Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the process， Ivy filled her life with meaning.

3. Put yourself in the fun zone.

Most of us grownups are seriously fundeprived. Highenergy people have the same daytoday work as the rest of us， but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation. A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses she shows to clients. “ove imagining what even the most rundown house could look like withy a little tender loving care，” she says. “s a challenge—and the least desirable properties are usually the most fun.”

We all define fun differently， of course， but I can guarantee this： If you put just a bit of it into your day， you energy will increase quickly.

4. Bid farewell to guilt and regret.

Everyone s past is filled with regrets that still cause pain. But from an emotional energy point of view， they are dead weights that keep us from us from moving forward. While they can t merely be willed away， I do recommend you remind yourself that whatever happened is in the past， and nothing can change that. Holding on to the memory only allows the damage to continue into the present.

5.Make up your mind.

Say you ve been thinking about cutting your hair short. Will it look stylish or too extreme？You endlessly think it over. Having the decision hanging over your head is a huge energy drain.

Every time you can t decide， you burden yourself with alternatives. Quit thinking that you have to make the right decision； instead， make a choice and don t look back.

6.Give to get.

Emotional energy has a kind of magical quality； the more you give， the more you get back.. This is the difference between emotional and physical energy. With the latter. You have to get it to be able to give it. With the former， however， you get it by giving it.

Start by asking everyone you meet， “ are you？” as if you really want to know， then listen to the reply. Be the one who hears. Most of us also need to smile more often. If you don t smile at the person you love first thing in the morning， you re sucking energy out of your relationship. Finally， help another person—and make the help real， concrete. Give a massage (按摩) to someone you love， or cook her dinner， Then， expand the circle to work. Try asking yourself what you’d do if your goal were to be helpful rather than efficient.

After all， if it s true that what goes around comes around， why not make sure that what s circulating around you is the good stuff？

1.The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil fuels.

2.People these days tend to lack physical energy.

3.Laura Hillenbrand is an example cited to show how emotional energy can contribute to one s success in life.

4.The author believes emotional energy is inherited and genetically determined.

5.Even small changes people make in their lives can help increase their emotional energy.

6.They filled her life with meaning by launching a program to help poor children.

7.The realestate broker the author knows is talented in home redecoration.

8.People holding on to sad memories of the past will find it difficult to.

9.When it comes to decisionmaking. One should make a quick choice without.

10.Emotional energy is in a way different from physical energy in that the more you give， .

Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)

A

The flood of women into the job market boosted economic growth and changed U.S.society in many ways.Many inhome jobs that used to be done 1 by women—ranging from family shopping to preparing meals to doing 2work—still need to be done by someone.Husbands and children now do some of these jobs，a 3that has changed the target market for many products.Or a working woman may face a crushing “erty of time”and look for help elsewhere，coreating opportunities for producers of frozen meals，child care centers，dry cleaners，financial services，and the like.

Although there is still a big wage 4between men and women，the income working women5 gives them new independence and buying power.For example，women now 6about half of all cars.Not long ago，many car dealers7women shoppers by ignoring them or suggesting that they come back with their husbands.Now car companies have realized that women are 8customers.It s interesting that some leading Japanese car dealers were the first to 9pay attention to women customers.In Japan，fewer women have jobs or buy cars—the Japanese society is still very much maleoriented.Perhaps it was the 10contrast with Japanese society that prometed American firms to pay more attention to women buyers.

［A］scale ［B］retailed ［C］generate

［D］extreme ［E］technically ［F］affordable

［G］situation ［H］really ［I］potential

［J］gap ［K］voluntary ［L］excessive

［M］insulted ［N］purchase ［O］primarily

B

Passage One

R

eaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland， Canada.

Arthur von Wiesenberger， who carries the title Water Master， is one of the few water critics in North America. As a boy， he spent time in the larger cities of Italy， France and Switzerland， Where bottled water is consumed daily. Even then， he kept a water journal， noting the brands he liked best. “dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water.” He says.

But is plain tap water all that bad？ Not at all. In fact， New York s municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity. Similarly， a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.

Nevertheless， softdrink companies view bottled water as the next battleground for market share—this despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water： PepsiCo s Aquafina and CocaCola s Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water.

As diners thirst for leading brands， bottlers and restaurateurs salivate(垂涎) over the profits. A restaurant’s typical markup on wine is 100 to 150 percent， whereas on bottled water it’s often 300 to 500 percent. But since water is much cheaper than wine， and many of the fancier brands aren t available in stores， most diners don t notice or care.

As a result， some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottled water. According to an article in The Wall Street Journal， some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell， listing brands on the menu without prices， and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it.

Regardless of how it s sold， the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health， our wish to appear cultivated， and even a longing for lost purity.

11.What do we know about Iceberg Water from the passage？

A) It is a kind of iced water.

B) It is just plain tap water.

C) It is a kind of bottled water.

D) It is a kind of mineral water.

12.By saying “ dog could tell the difference between bottled and tap water” (Line 4， Para. 2)，von wiesenberger wants to convey the message that

13. The “cier brands” (Lines 56， Para. 5) refers to

A) tap water from the Thames River

B) famous wines not sold in ordinary stores

C) PepsiCo s Aquafina and CocaCola s Dasani

D) expensive bottled water with impressive names

14.Why are some restaurants turning up the pressure to sell bottled water？

A) Bottled water brings in huge profits

B) Competition from the wine industry is intense

C) Most diners find bottled water affordable

D) Bottled water satisfied diners desire to fashionable

15. According to passage ，why is bottled water so popular？

A) It is much cheaper than wine

B) It is considered healthier

C) It appeals to more cultivated people

D) It is more widely promoted in the market

Passage Twoe

As we have seen， the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease—especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors， such as poor eating habits， smoking， and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight ， but does not eat very nutritious(有营养的) foods， who feels OK but exercises only occasionally， who goes to work every day， but is not an outstanding worker， who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk ， and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts， but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.

The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “t ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body s special needs. Both types have simply been called “l”. In recent years， however， some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “l” and “lness” only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise and they make a point of monitoring their body s condition. Most important， perhaps， people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “l，” in this new sense， if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. “lness” may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve， but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living， the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.

16.Today medical care is placing more stress on.

A) keeping people in a healthy physical condition

B) monitoring patients body functions

C) removing people s bad living habits

D) ensuring people s psychological wellbeing

17.In the first paragraph， people are reminded that.

A) good health is more than not being ill

B) drinking， even if not to excess， could be harmful

C) regular health checks are essential to keeping fit

D) prevention is more difficult than cure

18.Traditionally， a person is considered “l” if he .

A) does not have any unhealthy living habits

B) does not have any physical handicaps

C) is able to handle his daily routines

D) is free from any kind of disease

19.According to the author， the true meaning of “lness” is for people .

A) to best satisfy their body s special needs

B) to strive to maintain the best possible health

C) to meet the strictest standards of bodily health

D) to keep a proper balance between work and leisure

20.According to what the author advocates， which of the following groups of people would be considered healthy？

A) People who have strong muscles as well as slim figures.

B) People who are not presently experiencing any symptoms of disease

C) People who try to be as possible， regardless of their limitations.

D) People who can recover from illness even without seeking medical care.

2007年6月真题

Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

A

Protect Your Privacy

When Jobhunting Online

Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person s personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception， typically for economic gain.

The numbers associated with identity theft are beginning to add up fast these days. A recent General Accounting Office report estimates that as many as 750，000 Americans are victims of identity theft every year. And that number may be low， as many people choose not to report the crime even if they know they have been victimized.

Identity theft is “absolute epidemic，” states Robert Ellis Smith， a respected author and advocate of privacy. “s certainly picked up in the last four or five years. It s worldwide. It affects everybody， and there s very little you can do to prevent it and， worst of all， you can t detect it until it s probably too late.”

Unlike your fingerprints， which are unique to you and cannot be given to someone else for their use， you personal data， especially your social security number， your bank account or credit card number， your telephone calling card number， and other valuable identifying data， can be used， if they fall into the wrong hands， to personally profit at your expense. In the United States and Canada， for example， many people have reported that unauthorized persons have taken funds out of their bank or financial accounts， or， in the worst cases， taken over their identities altogether， running up vast debts and committing crimes while using the victims names. In many cases， a victim s losses may included not only outofpocket financial losses， but substantial additional financial costs associated with trying to restore his reputation in the community and correcting erroneous information for which the criminal is responsible.

According to the FBI， identity theft is the number one fraud committed on the Internet. So how do job seekers protect themselves while continuing to circulate their resumes online？ The key to a successful online job search is learning to manager the risks. Here are some tips for staying safe while conducting a job search on the Internet.

1. Check for a privacy policy.

If you are considering posting your resume online， make sure the job search site your are considering has a privacy policy， like CareerBuilder.com. The policy should spell out how your information will be used， stored and whether or not it will be shared. You may want to think twice about posting your resume on a site that automatically shares your information with others. You could be opening yourself up to unwanted calls from solicitors (推销员).

When reviewing the site s privacy policy， you ll be able to delete your resume just as easily as you posted it. You won t necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job. Remember， the longer your resume remains posted on a job board， the more exposure， both positive and notsopositive， it will receive.

2. Take advantage of site features.

Lawful job search sites offer levels of privacy protection. Before posting your resume， carefully consider your job search objective and the level of risk you are willing to assume.

CareerBuilder.com， for example， offers three levels of privacy from which job seekers can choose. The first is standard posting. This option gives job seekers who post their resumes the most visibility to the broadest employer audience possible.

The second is anonymous (匿名的) posting. This allows job seekers the same visibility as those in the standard posting category without any of their contact information being displayed. Job seekers who wish to remain anonymous but want to share some other information may choose which pieces of contact information to display.

The third is private posting. This option allows a job seeker to post a resume without having it searched by employers. Private posting allows job seekers to quickly and easily apply for jobs that appear on CareerBuilder.com without retyping their information.

3. Safeguard your identity.

Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. Replace your name on your resume with a generic (泛指的) identifier， such as “ranet Developer Candidate，” or “erienced Marketing Representative.”

You should also consider eliminating the name and location of your current employer. Depending on your title， it may not be all that difficult to determine who you are once the name of your company is provided. Use a general deion of the company such as “or auto manufacturer，” or “ernational packaged goods supplier.”

If your job title is unique， consider using the generic equivalent instead of the exact title assigned by your employer.

4. Establish and email address for your search.

Another way to protect your privacy while seeking employment online is to open up an email account specifically for your online job search. This will safeguard your existing email box in the event someone you don t know gets hold of your email address and shares it with others.

Using an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox. When naming your new email address， be sure that it doesn t contain references to your name or other information that will give away your identity. The best solution is an email address that is relevant to the job you are seeking such as salesmgr 2004 @ provider.com.

5. Protect your reference.

If your resume contains a section with the names and contact information of your references， take it out. There s no sense in safeguarding your information while sharing private contact information of your references.

6. Keep confidential (机密的) information confidential.

Do not， under any circumstances， share your social security， driver s license， and bank account numbers or other personal information， such as race or eye color.Honest employers do not need this information with an initial application. Don t provide this even if they say they need it in order to conduct a background check. This is one of the oldest tricks in the bookdon t fall for it.

1.Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it.

2.In many cases， identity theft not only causes the victims immediate financial losses but costs them a lot to restore their reputation.

3.Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.

4.It is important that your resume not stay online longer than is necessary.

5.Of the three options offered by CareerBuilder.com in Suggestion 2， the third one is apparently most strongly recommended.

6.Employers require applicants to submit very personal information on background checks.

7.Applicants are advised to use generic names for themselves and their current employers when seeking employment online.

8.Using a special email address in the job search can help prevent your from receiving .

9.To protect your references， you should not post online their .

10.According to the passage， identity theft is committed typically for .

Reading Comprehension(reading in depth)

A

Years ago， doctors often said that pain was a normal part of life. In particular， when older patients 11 of pain， they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it.

Times have changed. Today， we take pain 12. Indeed， pain is now considered the fifth vital sign， as important as blood pressure， temperature， breathing rate and pulse in 13 a person s wellbeing. We know that chronic (慢性的) pain can disrupt (扰乱) a person s life， causing problems that 14 from missed work to depression.

That s why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who 15 in pain medicine. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain， which can help us treat the pain better， but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social 16 related to chronic pain. Such comprehensive therapy often 17 the work of social workers， psychiatrists (心理医生) and psychologists， as well as specialists in pain medicine.

This modern 18 for pain management has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which are more effective and with fewer side effects than ever before. Decades ago， there were only a 19 number of drugs available， and many of them caused 20 side effects in older people， including dizziness and fatigue. This created a doubleedged sword： the medications helped relieve the pain but caused other problems that could be worse than the pain itself.

［A］ result ［I］ determining

［B］ involves ［J］ limited

［C］ significant ［K］ gravely

［D］ range ［L］complained

［E］ relieved ［M］ respect

［F］ issues ［N］ prompting

［G］ seriously ［O］ specialize

［H］ magnificent B

Passage One

I ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result， they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.

Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought， the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form， no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.

The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “e writing.” In free writing， the objective is to get words down on paper nonstop， usually for 1520 minutes. No stopping， no going back， no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow， the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.

Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely， you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.

Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time， stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.

21.When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “not work in parallel” (Line 4， Para. 1) in the writing process， he means .

A. no one can be both creative and critical

B. they cannot be regarded as equally important

C. they are in constant conflict with each other

D. one cannot use them at the same time

22.What prevents people from writing on is .

A. putting their ideas in raw form

B. attempting to edit as they write

C. ignoring grammatical soundness

D. trying to capture fleeting thoughts

23.What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing？

A. To organize one s thoughts logically.

B. To choose an appropriate topic.

C. To get one s ideas down.

D. To collect raw materials.

24.One common concern of writers about “e writing” is that .

A. it overstresses the role of the creative mind

B. it takes too much time to edit afterwards

C. it may bring about too much criticism

D. it does not help them to think clearly

25.In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process？

A. It refines his writing into better shape.

B. It helps him to come up with new ideas.

C. It saves the writing time available to him.

D. It allows him to sit on the side and observe.

Passage Two

I don t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it s like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe， the shape of spacetime and the nature of black holes.

At 19， when I began studying astrophysics， it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a postdoctor doing space research， the issue started to bother me. My every achievementjobs， research papers， awardswas viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes， when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain， or nature versus nurture (培育)， I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.

Then one day a few years ago， out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations： I don t talk about that anymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn t want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist？ After all， I don t study sociology or political theory.

Today I research and teach at Barnard， a women s college in New York City. Recently， someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer， 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don t dismiss those concerns. Still， I don t tell them “” stories. Instead， I have given them this： the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that s a sight worth talking about.

26.Why doesn t the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again？

A. She feels unhappy working in maledominated fields.

B. She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.

C. She is not good at telling stories of the kind.

D. She finds space research more important.

27.From Paragraph 2， we can infer that people would attribute the author s failures to .

A. the very fact that she is a woman

B. her involvement in gender politics

C. her overconfidence as a female astrophysicist

D. the burden she bears in a maledominated society

28.What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph.D. and postdoctoral research？

A. Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.

B. Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circle.

C. People s stereotyped attitude toward female scientists.

D. Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurtured.

29.Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class？

A. Female students no longer have to bother about gender issues.

B. Her students performance has brought back her confidence.

C. Her female students can do just as well as male students.

D. More female students are pursuing science than before.

30.What does the image the author presents to her students suggest？

A. Women students needn t have the concerns of her generation.

B. Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.

C. Women can balance a career in science and having a family.

D. Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.2001年1月真题解析

A

狗是群居动物，但如果没有适当训练，它的行为就像野生动物一样。它会弄脏你的屋子，毁了你的东西，狂吠，与别的狗打架，甚至咬你。几乎所有的行为问题都是狗完全正常的活动，只不过是在错误的时间或地点发生，或者是针对错误的对象。防止或处理狗的行为问题的关键是学会教狗将其正常行为改造成在家庭环境下可以接受的行为。

你能为狗和你自己做的最好的事就是驯服它。驯服不能解决所有行为问题，但它几乎是解决所有问题的基础。驯服开通了一条你和狗沟通的道路。有效的沟通是向狗发令所必须的。

训练还是确定社会等级的简便方法。当狗服从“坐下”这样一个很简单的要求时，这表明了对你的服从与尊重。没有必要用极端的手段把自己确定为一群狗的支配者或首领。教狗对你表示服从的方式可以是扮演从属角色。大多数狗都喜欢为你耍把戏，愉快地承认你是管事人。

训练对你和狗都是有趣的。训练能增进你们的关系，并使得一起生活更快乐。一只训练有素的狗更自信，给它更多的自由时会比未经训练的狗更安全。

解析要点

1A细节题。根据题干中的关键词behvior problemsof dogs可以确定答案依据在首段第三句 ：Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur...（几乎所有行为方面的问题都是狗完全正常的活动……）故A）be just prt of their nature正确。

2B推理题。obedience training about any problem的目的是什么。答题依据在第二段和第三段。第二段中说：obedience training is the foundation for solving about any problem，下文分两点进行阐述：(1)Training opens up a line of communication betweenyou and your dog；(2)Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order。故驯服训练的目的就在于“识到主人的权威”，B）正确。

3A细节题。通过题干中的关键词effective communication可知答题根据在第二段最后两句：Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog.Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.(训练打开你与你的狗进交流的途径。有效的交流对指导你的狗做你想要它做的事是必要的。）句中所谓“你（主人）希望它做的事”，当然首先包括使它的行为合乎规范，故A）正确。B）项内容过于狭隘，以致于忽视了有效的交流首先在于听从主人的指令，不做主人不允许做的事情等等。此外，从该段第二句对驯服训练的阐述“it is the foundtion for solving just about any problem(这是解决任何问题的基础）”来看，所谓任何问题当然也包括“题”了。

4D细节题。根据关键词perform tricks可知答题依据在第三段，该段说到：Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge.(大多数狗都喜欢为主人表演技能以表示乐意接受其主人地位），故D）正确。

5C细节题。根据题干中的关键词when a dog has received effective obedience training可知答题依据在末段，该段末句指出A welltrained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal，故C）正确。

B

工科学生应该是实践性和理性的模范，但谈到我的大学教育，我就是一个空想家和白痴。高中时我就想成为一名电器工程师，当然，任何和我目标相同的明智学生都会选择一个有大工程系、著名的、有许多实验室和研究设备的大学。但我没有这么做。

我选择在一个没有电气工程本科专业、规模又小的文科大学学习工程专业。显然，这是一个不实际的选择；我到这来是为了更崇高的缘由。我想要一种宽泛的教育，它能给我灵活性和一种能指导我前程的价值观念体系。我想与其他不是学习理工科的人互相交流，以拓宽我的视野。我的父母、老师和其他成年人称赞我这样的理智选择。他们说我聪明，比我十八岁的年龄成熟，于是我相信了他们。

我上了大学，满怀信心要超过那些去大型工程“的学生，这些工厂根本不管你是否有价值、是否有灵活性。我要成为一个全面的工程师：技术天才与理智的人文学者二位一体的工程师。

现在我却不那么有把握了。在前进道路上的某个地方，正像所有崇高理想那样，我的崇高理想最终与现实发生了冲突。在数学、工程课程和文科课程之间取得平衡方面努力了三年后，我了解了在大学中几乎没有工科学生努力协调工科和文科课程的原因。

挡住我通向成为典型的成功学生之路的是：工科和文科简直不可能像我在高中想象的那样容易结合到一起。它们各自以非常不同的方式造就一个人；在一起它们就有造成混乱的危险。调和两种学术领域的奋斗是很困难的。

解析要点

6B推断题。根据题中的关键词chose to study engineering at small liberalarts university可知答题依据在第二段和第三段。第二段讲到，之所以做出该选译是出于more noble reasons：a brod education，openmy eyes，expand myvision。第三段为做出上述选择的理由作了理加清楚地总结，即“s going to be acomplete engineer：technical genius and sensitive humanist all in one(我将成为一个知识全面的工程师：集工科天才和人文学者的敏锐于一身）”。故B）正确。

7.D细节题。根据题中关键词“interacting with people...”可知答案在文章第二段。该段第四句说道：I wanted to open my eyes and expand my vision by interacting with people who weren t studying scicence or engineering.(我想通过与非理工科学生的相互交流，打开我的眼界，开阔我的视野。)D) broaden their horizons正是这一句的概括。

8.D推断题。通读全文可知，作者心目中成功的工科学生应该接受通才教育，因为这种教育有着很大的社会适应性，而且能为人生提供价值体系。另外通过在理工科学生的交流可以扩大视野，最终做到技术专家和敏锐的人文学者于一身。题中的关键词a successful engineering student是第三段最后一句话中a complete engineer的改写，D)与文中对a complete engineer的解释相符，故D)正确。

9.C推断题。问作者的经历说明了什么。通读全文，特别是从第四段中的my noble ideascrashed into reality 可推断作者最初的想法是“际的(unrealistic)”，故C)正确。

10.A指代题。从该词的上下文“ reality that has blocked my path to become the typical succcessul student is that engineering and liberal arts simply don t mix as easily as I assumed in high school.Individually they shape a person in very differet ways；together they threaten to confuse.(阻碍我成为一个成功学生的现实是，工科和人文学科的融合并不像我在中学时想象的那样容易。分开时，它们以不同的方式塑造人；融合起来，它们就混淆不清了。)”可见这两个分句中的they都是指代上文中的engineering and the liberal arts，故A)正确。

C

普丽西拉·奥其德的“住宅结果是一场噩梦。她和她的工程师丈夫几年前结婚时在加利弗尼亚建造了一座造价十万美元的三卧室住宅。这套住宅严实密封以防透空气，还安装了小的双层玻璃窗和一些其他节能的特别东西。然而，这对夫妇一入住问题就出现了。普丽西拉眼睛发红，喉咙总是发干。她头痛，并且几乎不能睡眠。她好像突然了一种奇怪的病。

专家终于找到了她生病的原因。厨房里甲醛含量为联邦政府规定的、适用于化工工人标准之上限的两倍。甲醛是从什么地方来的？她的新橱柜和全铺地毯。

奥其德夫妇是室内空气污染的受害者，对这种污染重视得不够的部分原因是因为开展了全国性的节能运动。这个问题本身是个老问题。马里兰Geomet技术公司污染科学家Moschandreas说：“境早在开始节能很久前就很脏了。”在某些情况下节能往往使得污染更严重。

这个问题在新房子里比在旧房子里似乎更麻烦。在能源很便宜时，建房者不太担心未密封的缝隙。由于这种缝隙，一般房屋中的空气由室外的新鲜空气每小时更换一次。结果，在大多数房子里产生的污染很少聚积到有危险的程度。

解析要点

11.B推理题。首段写到：Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks，the house was equipped with small doubledpaned windows and several other energysaving features.(这所房子采用了镶有小块双层玻璃的窗户，以及其他一些节能装置，密封很好，以防漏气。)就节约能源而言，该房子实属无懈可击，故B)正确。

12.A推断题。通过综合分析可以看出，奥克达的“房之所以是一场噩梦，是气体不能流通所致。所以A) Lack of fresh air(缺乏新鲜空气)正确。

13.C词汇题。该词出现在研究污染的专家所说的话中：The indooor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along，energy conseration has tended to accentuate the situation in some case.(在采取保持热能措施很久以前，室内环境就不清洁了，节能措施可能会使这种状况更加恶化。)故C)worsen正确。

14.B细节题。答题依据在第四段第二句：Back in the days when energy was cheap，home builders didn t worry much about unsealed cracks.(在过去能源便宜的年代，建房者不太在意没有封闭的缝隙。)故B)正确。

15.C主旨题。要求给文章确定一个合适的标题。综合分析全文可知文章主旨是提醒人们注意室内空气污染问题。故C)正确。

D

1993年纽约州命令商店对饮料容器收取押金。在一年之内，消费者归还了数百万铝罐和玻璃、塑料瓶。许多公司愿意回收铝和玻璃作为生产新产品的原材料，但是几乎没有公司知道如何处理塑料，大部分最后被埋在垃圾场里。这种问题不只局限于纽约州。不幸的是，旧塑料的用途太少了。

今天，美国五分之一的塑料瓶汽水已被回收利用，产生这种变化的原因是全国有许多家公司收购塑料汽水瓶，用它制成栅栏的立柱、油漆刷子等。

正如纽约州的经济所表明的那样，回收利用的含义不仅是把有用的物质从垃圾中分离出来。废品就是废品，直到有人说出怎么给它二次生命，即直到由经济行为给它二次生命的价值。如果没有能消化吸收可回收材料的市场，丢弃实际会降低旧材料的价值。

逐渐缩小的垃圾填埋场和不断增加的掩埋或燃烧垃圾的费用，迫使地方政府更密切关注再生利用问题。在许地区，尤其是东海岸，回收利用已经成了费用最低的废物处理方法。在纽约州的某些地方回收利用一吨废物，一个城市就可以少支付每吨100多美元的处理费。

再生利用通过增加就业机会刺激了当地经济，并通过向生产可回收品的企业提供更精纯的原料，来使其削减污染控制和能源方面的费用。

解析要点

16.D由第1段第1句：1993年，纽约州命令商店对饮料容器收取押金。可知选项D就是对deposit(押金)这个词的具体解释。

17.A根据第1段第3句：但是因为几乎没有公司能想出处理这些塑料的方法，所以许多塑料最后都埋入垃圾填埋场里。

18.B根据第1段最后一句：这个问题不仅仅限于纽约州。不幸的是，旧塑料的用途太少了，以及整个第2段的内容。即，现在全美五分之一的塑料瓶已回收利用，这种变化的因为有十几家公司收购塑料瓶，用它制成栅栏的立柱，油漆刷子等。

19.D根据第3段开始部分：逐渐缩小的垃圾填埋场，不断增加的掩埋或燃烧垃圾的费用，迫使地方政府更密切注视再生利用。在许多地区……再生利用已经是费用最不贵的废物处理方法。

20.C分析全文可知，中心思想是讲对废物(特别是塑料)的再生利用。论述了再生利用所涉及的问题，它的客观迫切性以及它带来的一些益处。所以选项C“利益和环境保护两个方面考虑，再生利用的方法要进行推广”正确。

2001年6月真题解析

A

住在英格兰南海岸一些地区的人面临一个严重的问题。1993年一个大饭店和几栋房子的主人惊恐地发现他们的花园一夜之间消失了。海水吞没了花园下面的软石岩悬崖。专家还在研究这个问题时，饭店和那几栋住房也完全消失，顺着悬崖滑到海里去了。

英格兰南海岸白色悬崖峭壁的腐蚀一直是个问题，不过最近几年变得更为严重了。几十座房子不能不被放弃，因为海水已经深入到内陆越来越远的地方。专家已经研究了受影响严重的一些区域，并为当地人画出了一张图，预报哪一年他们的住宅将被饥饿的海洋所吞食。

愤怒的房主们要求政府建立海防工事以保护他们的住宅。政府的勘测员指出在大多数情况下这不可能。新的海墙要耗资几亿英镑，而且只不过是使波浪和水流沿着海岸往前冲，把问题从一个地区转移到另一个地区。他们说：这种危险很可能还要延续下去，真到波浪到达不像石灰岩那样易被侵蚀的由坚硬岩石构成的内陆为止。同时，如果你要买一栋将来未卜的便宜住宅，你可以向英格兰南海岸的一个受威胁地区的房地产代理商申请。你可用最低的价格买到一栋房子，但它可能也是不堪一击的房子。

解析要点

1.D细节题。问造成大海吞噬海岸的原因。答题依据为第二段首句。首段介绍了英格兰南海岸的人们面临的问题。第二段首句说道：Erosion of the white cliffs along the south of England has alaways been a problem but it has become more serious in recent years.(英格兰南海岸的白色悬崖的侵蚀，一直以来就是一个问题，但最近几年变得更加严重了。)经过分析可知此问题是由海水侵蚀岩石所致。故D)正确。

2.B概括题。根据关键词the erosion of the white clife可知答案依据在第二段。第二段首句说到“，后两句说侵蚀给当地带来的危害。此外，末段倒数第二句也提到the threatened areas on the south coast of England(英格兰南部沿海受到威胁的地区)，也为我们提供了答题线索。故B)正确。

3.D细节题。根据关键词the experts study可发现答题依据在第二段，该段末句说，专家们forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungery sea(预测哪一年他们的家园将会被饥饿的大海吞噬)。所谓forecasting(预测)即warning，这正是D)所表达的内容。故D)正确。

4.A概括题。答案可以从第三段中得到，此段第二、三句讲：...this is impossible.New sea walls would cost hundreds of millions of pounds and would merely make the waves and currents go further along the coast，shifting the problem from one area to another.(这是不可能的，新的防波堤要花费上亿英镑，而仅仅使海浪和水流沿着海岸向前推移，把这个问题从一个地区转移到另一个地区。)据此可知，建造海上防波堤之所以不可行，是因为“而且使临近地区遭受危险”。故A正确。

5.A细节题。根据该题的关键词buy a house可知答案依据在第三段最后两句。该部分说：You can get a house for a knockdown price but it may turn out to be a knockdown home.(你可以以最低廉的价格买到一所房子，但结果它可能是一个破碎的家园。)故购房者“识到这种潜在的危险”，A)正确。

B

运动不仅是体力的挑战，而且也是精神的挑战。教练、父母和其他队员的批评以及要取胜的压力能使年轻运动员造成过分的焦虑和压力。压力可以是身体的、感情的和心理的，研究表明压力能导致精疲力竭。精疲力竭一直被说成是一度愉快的活动的终止。

成长的早期岁月是了解自己的关键岁月。体育环境就是一个能产生有价值的经历的地方。例如，年轻运动员能学会怎样与他人合作、怎么交朋友、怎样获得对他们终生有用的其他社会技能。教练和父母无论何时都应当意识到：他们对青少年的反馈对他们孩子有很大的影响。青少年可能会认真考虑父母和教练的批评，并找出自己的缺点。

教练和父母还应当注意：参加少年体育活动对孩子们来说不是职业。比赛的结果不应当比学习体育和吸取其他生活教训的过程更重要。在现在少年体育环境中，年轻运动员可能更担心谁会获胜，而不是玩得快乐和喜欢这项运动。一场比赛后许多父母和教练都集中精力在结果上，并对青少年的表现吹毛求疵。无论结果如何，都应正面支持。研究表明正支持比批评更能激发学习的动机，对学习有更大的帮助。而且批评还能造成很大的压力，从而使人心灰意懒。

解析要点

6.C推断题。根据关键词burnout可知答题依据在首段最后两句。文章说：Stress can be physical，emotional，or psychological，and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout.(紧张可能是身体上的、情绪上的或者是心理上的，研究表明，紧张情绪可以导致放弃运动。)由此，可以反过来推断，防止青少年运动员放弃运动的有效手段就是to readuce their mental stress(减轻他们的精神紧张)。故C)正确。

7.D概括题。该题实际上是提问第二段的段落大意，即体育运动的好处。该段的主题句为第二句：The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place.(运动场是一个能获得有价值经历的地方。)所以，运动对青少年的积极影响就在于能向他们提供宝贵的经历，这正是D)的内容。A)错在不是了解社会，而是学到社交技能(social skills)。

8.A细节题。根据题中关键词parents and coaches...可以看出答案题依据在第二段最后两句。文章说：Coaches and parents should be aware，at all times，that their feedback to youngsters can grealy affect their children.Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find a flaw in themselves.(教练和家长们应该随时意识到，他们对青年人的反馈对他们的孩子会产生极大的影响。青年人可能把家长和教练的批评放在心上，并在自己身上找到不足。)find a flaw in themselves就“破他们的自信心”(may destroy their selfconfidence)，而许多教练和家长并没有意识到这一点。故A)正确。

9.C细节题。根据对文章段落大意的分析可知答题依据在第三段。文章和二段中从Coaches and parents should be aware...后半部分以及第三段中Coaches and parents should also be cautious that...都是教练和家长要注意的问题。概括起来看，前者说的是反馈意见应以鼓励为主；后者说的是应该重视运动的过程而不是比赛的结果，正如第三段倒数第三句说的那样：Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome.综上所述，C)正确。

10.B观点题。问作者写作的目的。通读全文可知，作者首先指出批评儿童参加运动问题的负面影响，强调教练和家长应对儿童给予正确的鼓励，应重视运动过程而不是结果。故作者写作此文的目的是“孩子正面激励的重要性”。B)正确。

C

人类使用的水稍少于全世界可利用的水的一半。但是缺水和干旱正在一些地区引起饥饿和贫困，工业和农业副产品正在污染水源。因为预计全世界人口在今后50年内会翻一番，许多专家认为我们已经处于大范围的水危机边缘。

但这未必就是结果。如果我们现在开始比过去更珍惜水，缺水不一定会使世界为难。正像20世纪70年代石油危机之后我们开始更重视石油一样，今天我们必须开始从新的经济观点来看待水。我们不能再认为水是我们愿意用多少就用多少、愿意怎么用就怎么用的、实际上免费的资源。

相反，除了穷人家庭需要的供水之外，政府对所有用水都要以价格反映水的实际价值。这就意味着不仅要收供水的成本费，也要收水本身的费用。

政府还应当用经济和环保方面更稳妥的方法来供水以保护这一资源。例如，在干旱的热带地区供给灌溉用水最便宜的方法可通过小规模工程进行，如：把雨水聚集在凹地里，然后用水泵送到附近的庄稼地。

无论采取什么步骤更有效地供水，政府必须改变用水的制度和法律。与其把管理权分散到数以百计甚至数以千计的地方、区域和全国的代理机构，不如由政府设立一个中央机关来协调供水政策。

解析要点

11.C细节题。问潜在水危机的真正原因是什么。答题依据在首段后半部分以及第二段的开始部分。首段说：...many experts think we are on the edge of a widespread watrer crisis.(许多专家认为人类正处于大规模缺水的边缘。)第二段开始部分说：But that doesn t have to be the outcome.Water shortages do not have to trouble the world—if we start valuing water more than we have in the past.(如果我们开始比过去更珍惜水，世界范围的水危机就不会出现)。由此可见，人类没有对水给予足够的珍惜。故C)正确。

12.D细节题。首段说：Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some areas...(然而，缺水和干旱正在一些地区发生并造成饥荒和贫困……)，据此，我们可以确定D)正确。

13.A根据第三段首句：...governments should price water to reflect its actual value.(……政府应该根据水真正的价值来确定其价格。)可知答案为A)。

14.D根据题中关键词hot and dry areas可以确定答题依据在第四段。文章说...often the cheapest way to provide irrigation water in the dry tropics is through smallscale projects(在干旱的热带地区，通常最便宜的取得灌溉用水的方法是建设小规模的工程)，即：在炎热干燥的地区应该“型而廉价的灌溉系统”，所以D)正确。

15.A根据题中关键词the efficiency of water supply可知答题依据在末段：No matter what steps governments take to provide water more efficiently，...countries should set up central anthorities to coordinate water policy.(无论政府采取何种措施来提高供水效率，……国家应该建立中心管理机构来协调用水政策。)即：政府应该加强对水资源的集中管理(centralize the management of water resources)。故A)正确。

D

通过观察速溶咖啡的出现，我们可以看到产品生命周期的过程。当它刚出现时，在多数人对它没有像“咖啡那样喜欢，好几年后人们才普遍接受〔引进阶段〕。然而，速溶咖啡曾一度名声鹊起，而且出现许多品牌〔快速发展阶段〕。不久之后，人们只喜欢一种品牌，销售额平稳下来〔成熟阶段〕。当冻干咖啡出现后，速溶咖啡销售略有衰退〔衰退阶段〕。

产品生命周期对商人的重要性是：产品生命周期的不同阶段要求不同的策略。其目的就是延长产品生命周期，使销售和利润不衰减。一种策略就叫做市场调整。它意味着销售经理寻找新用户和市场份额。例如：你是否知道这么多的学生现在所背的背包是为军人设计的？

市场调整还意味着在现在顾客中寻找新增加的用途或者开辟另外一个市场，例如老人市场。商人可以重新定位产品来吸引新的市场份额。

另外一个产品扩展策略叫做产品调整。这包括改进产品质量、外貌或式样以吸引新用户或现在用户使用产品的新用途。美国汽车制造商把提高质量作为重新占领世界市场的一种方法。还要注意到，汽车制造商年复一年地改变式样以保持需求不下降。

解析要点

16.B推断题。答题根据在首段第四句：After a while，people became attached to one brand and sales leveled off.(经过一段时间后，人们逐渐喜欢一种品牌，销售量就开始稳定。)解题的关键是要知道level off这个短语的意思，level off意为“衡，稳定”，故B)正确。

17.A推断题。在首段的开始作者以速溶咖啡为例，说明一个新产品不容易被公众接受，When it was introduced，most people did not like it as well as “ular”coffee，and it took several years to gain general acceptance.(当它最初上市时，绝大多数人并不像喜欢“咖啡那样喜欢它，它花了好几年的时间才被人们普遍接受。)故A正确。

18.B推断题。根据关键词marketers可确定答题依据在第二段。作者在首段中讲述了产品寿命周期的四个阶段，在第二段的开头部分讲道：The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this：Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies.(对于市场经销商来说，产品寿命周期的重要性在于：在产品的不同阶段使用不同的策略。)也就是说，经销商需要知道产品处在四个阶段中的哪一个，以便制定营销政策(work out marketing policies)。故B)正确。

19.C推断题。答题依据在第二段。该段文章说：One strategy is called market modification.It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections.Did you know，for example，that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the millitary？(一种策略称之为“场”。它意味着营销经理要寻找新的用户和新的市场领域。例如，你知道现在很多学生背的和背包原本是为军人设计的吗？)作者以背包为例，说明了“的市场领域”(exploring new market sections)的重要性。故C)。正确。

20.A细节题。答题依据在第四段。第四段第一、二句是主题句。作为举例，文章接着说：American auto manufacturers are using quality improvement as one way to recapture world markets.(美国汽车制造商正用提高质量的方法重新获得世界市场。)故A)正确。

2002年1月真题解析

A

有些悲观的专家认为汽车注定要被的将来废弃。他们看到未来不远的一天，所有的汽车都会被抛弃，任其生锈。然而，也有权威认为汽车还会长存。他们认为在可预见，汽车仍是都市主要的交通工具。

接下来30年中，汽车毫无疑问会发生重大变化——变得更小、更安全和更划算，且不再由汽油引擎驱动。未来的汽车应比现在的汽车更加环保。

不管用什么能源，汽车将来还会是城市交通堵塞的主要成因。针对该问题提出的一个解决方法应是自动化公路系统。

汽车一进入这种公路系统，车上会放落一支伸缩臂与铁轨接轨，就好像给地铁供电的铁轨。一旦与铁轨连接，汽车就会由系统供电，汽车的操纵权也移交给中央电脑；然后电脑将会全盘监控汽车的动静。

驾驶员可用电话将有关目的地的指示输入系统，由电脑算出最佳路线，并为汽车预留通道，让它一路直达正确的公路出口。然后司机可以随意歇息，只等示警系统提醒他出口到了。估计自动化公路每小时能够通过1万辆车，相比之下现在的公路每小时只能容纳1500到2000辆。

解析要点

1.A细节题。本题要求预测未来汽车的变化。第二段中说道：在未来三十年中汽车无疑要发生重大的变化，未来的汽车……将不会由汽油发动机驱动，因此比现在汽车污染少得多。第三段开始又提到“ardless of its power source，...”(不管汽车的动力如何……)，从而验证了第二段中说到的变化。故A正确。

2.C推断题。第三段中说道：不管它的动力如何，未来汽车仍然是城市交通拥挤的主要问题。接着，作者开始介绍一种新的自动化高速公路交通系统。可见，作者在文章中主要关注的是如何解决交通堵塞。故C)正确。

3.A细节题。根据第四段第二句“e attached to the rail，the car will become electrically powered from the system”(一旦接触轨道，汽车就由系统的电力来驱动了)，可见电源是通过轨道传输给汽车的。故A)正确。

4.D推断题。第四段末句说道：汽车的所有运行都由微机控制，第五段说：司机用电话把他的目的地告诉系统，然后就轻松地等待蜂鸣器通知他到达的目的地了。故D)正确。

5.C观点题。作者在首段对比了对未来小汽车的两种对立的态度，悲观的专家预言未来汽车将会停止使用，而另一些人则认为汽车仍然是未来主要的交通工具。作者在第二段阐述未来汽车变化时说道：The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years.下文着重介绍了旨在解决交通拥挤问题的自动汽车高速化路系统。故作者在未来汽车持乐观态度，故C)正确。

B

狐狸和农场主从来就不能和睦相处。这些小小的像狗一样的动物，常因吃掉农场的禽畜而受到谴责。狐狸被正式列为害兽，农场主尝试通过枪支和毒药减少它们的数量。

农场主还号召当地猎狐组织去控制狐狸的数量。猎狐就是狐狸在山野间被一群经过特训的狗追杀，后面还跟着骑着马的男男女女。狗最后逮住狐狸时，要不就咬死它，要不由猎人补一枪。

参加猎狐的人们都认为这是一项运动，他们穿上红衣白裤的特殊制服，严格遵守一套行为准则。但养匹马和定期猎狐花费不菲，所以大多数猎狐者都非常富有。

据估计有高达十万人观看或参与猎狐。但最近几十年，反猎狐者的人数急剧上升，他们认为这是残酷的游戏。现今，几乎每次猎狐都因猎狐者和反猎狐者之间的某种冲突而告终。有时还会导致暴力事件，但大多数反猎狐者都是通过误导猎人，或捣乱猎犬追踪的狐狸气味来干扰猎狐。

猎狐者和反猎狐者之间发生的口头对战是寻常事，几乎成了猎狐活动的一个组成部分，如同猎狐本身一样。但今年，猎狐支持者及这项运动都要面对更大的威胁。议会工党成员迈克·福斯特力图让议会通过一条新法令，那就是用狗来猎杀野生动物将被视为非法。如果法令获得通过，像狐狸这样的野生动物在英国将因禁令而得到保护。

解析要点

6.A推断题。根据题中关键词“h people”可发现答题依据在第三段中：猎狐的人多为有钱人，他们将此看作一项运动。故A)正确。

7.C细节题。根据第三段内容，参加猎狐的人要“low strict codes of behavior(遵守严格的行动规则)”。故C)正确。

8.B概括题。根据关键词“ hunting”可知答题依据在第四段末句“but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox s smell，which the dogs follow.”(在大多数情况下，阻拦猎狐的人以误导骑手和搞乱猎狗追踪狐狸留下气味踪迹的办法来干扰猎狐)。故B)正确。

9.B细节题。文章末段说，(...to get Parliament to approve a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal.)Foster要在议会通过一项法律，这个新法律将把用狗猎捕野生动物列为非法。故B)正确。

10.C推断题。通读全文可知：猎杀狐狸者用经过特殊训练的狗来追捕狐狸，将其咬死再由猎手射死。因他们的方法brutal(残忍)，猎狐者与阻拦者发生冲突，最后导致有人在议会通过法律禁止用狗捕杀野生动物。故用狗来猎捕狐狸被认为是残酷和暴虐的。故C)正确。

C

对于美国大学越来越多的学生而言，“然变得时髦。理由显而易见：美国人口老龄化意味就业机会增加。随着生育高峰那代人的老龄化，加上人类寿命的延长，这意味着全国老龄人口在今后50年内必将极速增长。到2050年，65岁以上的美国人将从1995年的14%增长到25%。当然，这个变化也给政府和社会提出沉重的问题，但也为医药卫生界、法律和商界创造了就业机会。南加州大学老年学院的爱德华·施奈德说：“夫，我们还需要更多的社会学家、生物学家、城市规划师和专业律师。”

律师可以专攻“法”，因为“法”涵盖从信托基金、房地产到老人院虐待和年龄歧视等方面。商人也在老年人市场发现巨大商机，因为生育高峰期出生者人数多达7 400万，他们很可能是人类历史上最富有的退休群体。一位教授说：“生只要把老年学的专业知识和诸如工商管理硕士或法学这样的学位结合在一起，就有了印钞票的凭证。”

玛格丽特·桑托斯是南加州大学的一名21岁的大四学生。她大一时就读生物学专业，但是她发现她对细菌实在厌烦。于是她上了一节老年学的课，还发现了自己挺喜欢这门课。她说：“人院做义工，令我非常充实。”

解析要点

11.B句意理解题。根据首段第二句“ graying of America means jobs”(美国的老龄化意味着工作机会)；再结合第二段第三句“ student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with，say，an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money.”(任何一个有老年学专业知识的学生，再加上企业管理硕士或法律学位，将来就会有印钞票的执照。)综上所述，具有老年学知识的人具有就业优势，因此“突然变得流行起来”。故B)正确。

12.B推断题。答题依据在第二段开头：律师可以专门研究“”，这个法律包括从托管财产的所有权、不动产到敬老院虐待以及年龄歧视等内容。为此，我们可以推断律师可从为老年人提供有关的法律服务获益。故B)正确。

13.C细节题。根据第二段第二句“inessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers，74 million strong，are lkikely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history.”(商人在老年人市场中看到了巨大的机遇，因为这些生育高峰期出生的人，即现在的7 400万年轻人可能会成为人类历史上最富的退休人群。)故C)正确。

14.D细节题。根据第二段末句“ student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with，say，an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money.”(任何一个有老年学专业知识的学生，再加上企业管理硕士或法律学位，将来就会有印钞票的执照。)故D)正确。

15.A细节题。根据首段第六句“ it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions，and in law and business as well.(老年人的增加也在为医药保健业以及司法和商业创造就业机会。)”故A)正确。

D

社会分析家关注良久的道德滑坡终于引起了美国大众的注意。作为一名社会分析家，简·比思克·艾尔斯顿很是高兴。

实际上，美国普罗大众现在开始认真思考国民道德风尚，我们也期待新生思维可以对此有所改进，芝加哥大学伦理学教授如是说。

但挑战不容低估，美国社会的拜金主义和个人主义就是两个最大的障碍。艾尔斯顿女士说：“为己，天诛地灭’的想法深深植根于民族意识之中。”

她说，这其中部分归咎于邻里和睦的传统社区的解体。由于当今人口更频繁的流动，很多夫妻都要上班，这种关系被大大削弱，“的强调取而代之。

1996年，美国一项关于美国所面临的最大问题的民意调查中，道德沦丧高居榜首。艾尔斯顿说，公众意识到这点太好了。资料表明美国人正与他们在50年代闻所未闻的问题抗争，如：校园暴力事件、未婚妈妈人数居高不下。

艾尔斯顿说，对于高道德水准的渴望，既不算是对那如海市蜃楼般的“代”的一曲挽歌，也不算是对曾经的那个剥夺妇女和少数族群机会的时代的单相思。大多数人事实上赞同消减歧视。

她说，直到人们找到方法对抗当今社会的实利主义时，道德滑坡才能扭转。慢慢地，你会认识到，买不到的才是最要紧的。

解析要点

16.D句意理解。答题依据在文章首段：pleased对应glad，lowering对应decline，Americans are awakening to是captured the attention of average Americans的另一种表达，故D)正确。

17.B概括题。答题依据在第三段和第四段。在第三段提到，社会道德水准提高的最大阻力是功利主义和个人主义；第四段中又说：出现这种情况是由于传统的家庭观念被强调自我所取代。故美国道德水准的下降主要是由以自我为中心的个人主义造成的，B)正确。

18.B细节题，根据第四段首句：...traditional communities，in which neighbors looked out for one another，故B)正确。

19.A细节题。根据第五段末：...Americans are struggling with problems unheard of in the 1950s，such as clssroom violence and...故A)正确。

20.D细节题。答题依据在文章末段，Elshtain认为要find ways to counter the materialism，道德滑坡现象才能be reversed，故D)正确。

2002年6月真题解析

A

20世纪60年代，医学研究学者Thomas Holmes和Richard Rahe整理了一份压力源的清单。他们意识到了一个微妙的观点：任何重大变化都会带来压力。类似于“病”等具有负面影响的事件高居榜首，但如同“等具有转折命运的正面事件也榜上有名。当你接受HolmesRahe的测试时，必须牢记：分数不反映你如何处理压力，只反映你要应对多少压力。而且我们现在明白，处理这些事件的方式将在很大程度上影响你保持健康的几率。

20世纪70年代初期，继Holmes和Rahe之后，展开了数百项类似的研究。几百万工作生活于压力之下的美国人很为这类研究报告烦恼；不知为何，这类研究最终形成了一条引人注目的信息。妇女杂志把它刊登头条，例如“人生病！”文章提到，要想保持身心健康，少做有压力的事情。

但这条简单的建议是不可能遵循的。就算造成压力的事情危害健康，譬如说生离死别，可许多都无法避免。况且，任何回避所有压力的警告，其实只是让你避开麻烦也失去机会的处方。既然任何变化都带来压力，一个打算完全摆脱压力的人就永远不结婚，不生子，也不跳槽或搬家。

压力使人生病这个观点忽略了我们对人性的许多认识。它假定人面对逆境时都是脆弱和被动的。但人的主动性和创造力呢？许多经历过压力的人无论身心上都比从前更有活力。同时，我们也知道：长期没有变化或挑战的生活会让人身心疲倦。

解析要点

1.C细节题。答题根据在第一段第一句话“developed a checklist of stressful events”(……研制了一个压力事件表)，也就是说，该表告诉我们哪些人生事件会导致压力。故C)正确。

2.A推断题。根据第二段第二句“ millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports.”(工作生活在压力之下的成千上万美国人对研究报告非常担心。)可知A)正确。

3.A细节题。根据首段第四句“n you take the HolmesRahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how deal with stress—it only shows how much you have to deal with.”(当你接受HolmesRahe测试时你必须记住：分数并不反映你如何处理压力，只是反映你必须承受的压力有多大。)可知A)正确。

4.B概括题。文章第三段提出了三个理由：①有些压力是不可避免的，例如死亡；②在避免压力的同时也会丧失一些机会；③既然任何改变都会带来压力，那么一个想完全摆脱压力的人永远也不能结婚、生子、跳槽或搬家了。而A)、C)和D)中任何一项作为该题的答案都很片面。B)虽然从表述上来看，说的是in relieving stress，而不是in avoiding stressful events，但二者都包含了免受stress之苦的意思。因此并无本质上的区别。B)概括了该段的几个原因，正确。

5.C推理题。答题依据在第四段第四句“y come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before.”(许多人度过压力期后比以前无论在体力还是在精神上都更具有精力了)，故C)正确。

B

Schacter说，大部分心不在焉都是精神不集中造成的，就像忘了东西落在哪里，或者进了一个房间却忘了要干什么等等。“该记住某事，但却没有认真编好码。”

Schacter解释道，编码是对事情集中注意力的特殊方式，对于过后回忆有重要作用。无法恰当地编码会造成烦人的状况。比如你把手机放进了口袋，但因为你正在谈话，所以并没注意到这一动作，你大概忘记了手机放进了挂在衣橱中的夹克里。Schacter说：“的记忆力让你失望了，而是你没有给记忆系统它所需的信息。”

另外，兴趣缺乏也会导致心不在焉，Zelinski说：“背诵30年前体育统计数据的人，很有可能会忘记把信寄出。“记性要比男性略好一点，很可能因为女性更注意周遭环境，而记忆正依赖这一点。

Schacter说，看得见的提示有助避免心不在焉。他还提醒说：“保提示清楚，且能被看见。”如果你想记得午饭时吃药，就把药瓶放在餐桌上，千万别把瓶子放药柜里，然后给自己写张小纸条，放在衣兜里。

另一种常见的心不在焉现象是进了房间却想不起来为什么在那里。极有可能你正思索别的事情。Zelinski说：“都时不时碰到这种情况。”最好的办法是折回进房间以前的地方，这样你很可能就会记起来了。

解析要点

6.B细节题。根据第二段首句“oding，Schacter explains，is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.”(Schacter解释说，所谓的“是一种集中注意力于某一件事的特殊方式，它对于未来回忆这一事件有重要的影响。)故B)正确。

7.D细节题。根据第三段第三句“en have slightly better memories than men，possibly because they pay more attention to their environment，and memory relies on just that.”(女性的记忆力略强于男性的原因很可能是因为女性更注意她们的周边环境，而这正是记忆所依赖的。)故D)正确。

8.C推断题。答题根据在第四段首句和第二句“ual cues can help prevent absentmindedness.But be sure the cue is clear and available.”文章认为视觉提示可以帮助避免心不在焉，但一定要保证在视觉范围内的提示要清楚直观，故C)正确。

9.B推断题。末段介绍了另外一种心不在焉的表现形式及其克服方法。具体地说，当你走进了一个房间，但是忘记了进来的目的，克服这种心不在焉的方法是回到原来的那个房间去，你可能就想起来了。由此可推断，记忆在某种程度上取决于环境。故B)正确。

10.B主旨题。文章首段为引言，第二、第三段讲原因，第四、五段谈克服方法。可以说，文章的主体部分讲的是引起心不在焉的原因，故B)正确。

C

如今已经很难寻觅海洋中最大动物蓝鲸的踪迹了，商业捕鲸几乎将它们灭族了，现在蓝鲸也列入了涉危动物。给蓝鲸安装无线电装置实在困难，而肉眼观测又太不可靠，难以对蓝鲸的行为进行仔细的观察。

所以今年早些时候，生物学家们非常高兴；因为有了海军的帮忙，通过监测鲸鱼的声响，他们能跟踪一条蓝鲸43天之久。这之所以能实现，是因为海军原本绝密的水下监听系统横扫整个海洋。

追踪蓝鲸只不过是那个刚刚对民间科学家开放的美国新世界的一角；冷战结束后，美国海军为追踪潜在敌舰而花数十年建立的全球水下监听系统开始与人分享，并做了部分解密。

地球科学家在一个新闻发布会上宣布最近他们利用这套系统对一次海底火山爆发进行了首次近距离监测，而且他们还在策划类似研究。

另外一些科学家则建议用这一网络追踪洋流，测量海洋和全球温度的变化。

在水中的声速大约是每秒一英里，比在陆地上要慢，但比在空气中要快。最重要的是，海水的不同层面就如同声道，像听诊器把病人胸腔中微弱的声音送到医生的耳朵里一般把声音汇聚在一起。这种声音汇聚就是为什么在海洋里，即使是相对微弱的声音，特别是低频声音，也可以传播几千英里的主要原因了。

解析要点

11.B主旨题。第一、第二段讲述了生物学家运用海军监听系统取得的研究成果。第三、第四、第五段介绍说地球科学家以及其他科学家也已经或正在利用军方的设备进行各自的研究。第六段讲述了声音在水中传播的原理。综合起来看，该文讨论的是军队的探测系统被民间科学界运用于科研的话题，故B)正确。

12.A细节题。根据第三段首句中“its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.”(几十年中建立的全球水下监听系统本来是用于跟踪潜在敌方舰船)可知A)“定位敌人舰船”正确。

13.C细节题。答题依据在第六段“different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds，focusing them in the same way a stethoscope does when it carries faint noises from a patient s chest to a doctor s ear.”(不同层次的海水都可以作为声道，将声音汇集在一起，就如同听诊器一样把病人胸腔的微弱声音传到医生的耳朵里。)归纳起来，这套系统利用了海水传声并将声音汇聚在一起的特征。故C)正确。

14.D推断题。全文多处传递了“术在民用方面有巨大的潜力”的信息。文章第三段第一句提到“cking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war...”第四段讲述了地球科学家运用系统第一次密切监视了深海火山爆发，第五段提到其他科学家也提出应用该系统追踪海洋事件、观测海洋和全球气温的变化。综合起来，应选D)。

15.A判断题。第三段说到该系统是“exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists...as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system...”通过以上分析，我们可以断定“目前只是部分地向民用开放”，所以A)正确。be accessible to somebody意思为“人使用的”。

D

始于20世纪60年代后期至70年代早期的健身运动风潮主要围绕有氧运动操。数以百万计的人参与各种各样的有氧运动；基于人们对这种新兴健身运动的热衷，尤其是女性对有氧健美操的钟情，数千家健身中心在全国出现，并以此盈利。很多健身中心在有氧健身运动之前就存在了，甚至在多数大城市中还涌现了全国连锁的健身中心。但是他们不注重有氧运动，而更注意重量训练，这些活动主要为那些加大肌肉块头、增强力量、提高耐力的男性爱好者而设计。这些健身中心似乎不能从这股为健康而兴起的有氧操运动风潮中获利，因为医学观点表明健美训练对健康没有什么好处，即使有也不多。但近年来，健美训练在男男女女中再度流行起来。如今许多项目的重点不光是锻炼肌肉和耐力，还注重有氧运动。

历史上，绝大多数的体能测试通常包括肌肉力量和耐力的测试，这并非基于健康理由，而主要是因为这些体能指标与体育成绩相关。可是近年来有证据显示：主要为促进肌肉强度和耐力设计的训练项目对人的健康也是有益的。美国运动医学学院如今推荐举重训练作为健康美国人全面健身项目中的一部分。让越来越多的人参加这种训练正是2000全民健康年(目标是促进全民健康、预防疾病)其中一个明确的健身和健美目标。

解析要点

16.B词汇题。A)体育活动；B)健身场所；C)娱乐中心；D)体育训练项目。根据首段中上下文可推断spas是与健身有关的机构或场所，故B)正确。

17.B细节题。答题根据在首段第四句“ever，their focus was not on aerobics，but rather on weighttraining programs designed to develop muscular mass，strength，and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts.”(他们的重点不在有氧操，而是在于力量训练，目的在于向男性热衷者提供肌肉健美、增强体质、提高耐力等方面的训练。)所以B)“耐力的发展”正确。

18.D推断题。根据首段第五句“medical opinion suggested that weighttraining programs offered few，if any，health benefits.”(当时医学上的看法是健美运动对改善健康几乎没有什么促进作用，如果有也是微不足道的。)可以推断过去医学界对健美训练与身体健康关系的态度是“”，所以答案为D)。

19.A细节题。根据文中“ for healthrelated reasons，but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics.”(并不是出于健康的原因，而主要是因为那些健身指标与运动员的表现有关。)所以，应选A)。

20.D细节题。根据第二段第二句“in recent years，evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well.”(最近有证据表明：旨在增强肌肉力量和提高耐力而设计的重力运动，对人体健康也有好处。)可知D)“健康也有益处”正确。2003年1月真题解析

A

和许多同龄人一样，我也有崇拜英雄的喜好。然而，在某个时刻，我们都会开始怀疑我们的英雄，怀疑我们是否需要英雄。因此我们要问：什么是英雄？

尽管各地的文化迥然相异，但是全世界的英雄通常都具有一些相同的特点，能够引导民众、催人奋进。

英雄事迹值得称颂。英雄有离奇的经历，并且有一个群体愿意听他的故事。但是，英雄不仅仅只是名声。

英雄服务于超越自己的权力或原则。英雄就像高压变压器，将高压的能量变成低压带给普通民众，从而使他们可以使用这种能量。

英雄的生活方式值得效仿。那些效仿真正英雄的人，将会体验到更深层次、更富热情、更有意义的生活。测试一个人是不是英雄的可靠方法是看他为什么或为谁服务。看他愿意为何而生为何而死。如果答案或事实显示他们谋求的只是声誉，那么他们可能会成为名人，但不会成为英雄。麦当娜和麦克尔·杰克逊声名显赫，但谁能说他们的歌迷们发现自己的生活更充实了呢？

英雄是改革的催化剂。他们高瞻远瞩，具有鼓舞民众的能力和魅力。他们创造了新的可能性。如果没有甘地，印度可能还是英帝国的一部分；如果没有罗莎·帕克斯和马丁·路德·金，我们可能还有实行种族隔离的公交车、饭馆和公园。没有魅力四射的领导人，大规模的变化仍可能发生，但是变革的步伐就会变得缓慢，前景会很不明朗，会议将无止无休。

解析要点

1.A细节题。根据关键词different cultures可以发现答题依据在第二段。文章说英雄“generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.”(一般都具有教育和激励人的特征)。share something是理解本句的关键，意为“为(多人)所共有”。故A)正确。

2.C推断题。根据关键词highvoltage transformers可确定答题依据在第四段。该段大意为：英雄具有无私的品格。文章说，像高压变压器那样，英雄接受高压能量，并把它变成低压能量使其适合大众所用。也就是说，他们以自身的行为体现崇高的精神。C)正确。

3.B推断题。根据关键词Madonna and Michael Jackson可在第五段找到答题依据。第五段第二句“se who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth，enthusiasm，and meaning.”(效仿英雄的人在生活中体验到新的深度、更高的热情和不同的意义。)也就是说英雄给生活带来新的境界。在下文的举例中提到Madonna and Michael Jackson不是英雄，因为他们不能给崇拜者的生活带来丰富的内涵。B)正确。

4.D推断题。该题考查Gandhi and Martin Luther King作为领袖人物具有什么特点。根据关键词，可知答题依据在第六段。该段大意为英雄具有催生变革的特征。文章说到，英雄具有远见卓识，具有感人的技巧和魅力，能够创造新的可能性。所谓创造新的可能性，即为面临的问题提出了新的解决办法。下文接着举例说，甘地使他的同胞早日脱离了英国的统治，马丁·路德·金使美国取消了种族隔离制度。这说明他们凭借自己的远见卓识，感人的技巧和魅力，为他们的同胞提供了解决问题的办法，从而创造了新的可能性。D)选项符合题意，故为该题答案。A)不对，其原因在于该选项只侧重说他们擅长展示他们的魅力。这仅是该段介绍的他们特点的一个方面。换言之，不是因为他们善于展示魅力，而是因为“识，具有感人的技巧和魅力，能够创造新的可能性，”特别是能够催生变革，才能成为typical examples of outstanding leaders。

5.A细节题。答案依据在末段倒数一、二句：没有英雄人物历史变革虽然仍会发生，但进程会缓慢。故A)正确。

B

根据一项基于对188 000多名学生的调查，今天正常年龄的大学新生比17年以来任何时候的民意调查所反映的大学新生“实用，更为利己”。

毫不奇怪在这些艰难的岁月里，学生们的主要目的是“济上富有。培养一种有意义的人生观是最次要的事情。”因而，今天最时髦的课程不是文学或历史，而是会计学。

对教学、社会服务和一些“义”领域的兴趣也在减弱。而对商业、工程计算机学科的招生则在扩大。

下面的情况也就不足为怪了。我的一个朋友(一家化学制品公司的销售代理)在参加工作的第一年的工资是她的大学老师们的工资的两倍——而她甚至还未完成两年的助理实习期。

诚然，我们都需要一个职业，但同时我们也应该看到文明已经在一些远离我们自身职业的领域积聚了大量的知识，理解了这些文明的贡献——不管它们是科学的还是艺术的，我们的生活将更加美好。并且通过对他人各种各样的智慧的研究，我们学会了怎样去思考。更重要的也许是，教育教会了我们去发现事物之间的联系，同时去挖掘超越我们眼前需要的东西。

每周我们都会读到有些工会为争取增加工资而罢工，但结果却使老板破产的新闻。没有公司，也就没有了工作。从长远来看，这是多么没有远见啊！

但是，普通教育最根本的论点应该是我们在学习前人所积累的智慧的同时，提高道德观念。最近我看了一个卡通片，说的是一群商人围坐在会议桌旁，面露困惑；其中有一位正对着对讲机在说话，“特小姐，”他说，“一个能区别对与错的人进来？”

从长远的观点来看，这正是教育应该做的事情。

解析要点

6.A细节题。答题依据在首段：根据一项具有17年历史的调查，今天的大学一年级学生比以往任何时候都更追求物质利益而很少考虑他人利益。也就是说，他们从未像今天这样重视物质利益，故A)正确。

7.B细节题。答题依据在第二段首句“ surprising in these hard times，the student s major objective ‘is to be financially well off’.”(毫不奇怪，在这困难时代，学生的专业目标“收入丰厚”。)需要注意的是，该句中的major objective可以有两种解释：一是“的”；另一是“的”。答题根据在该段第三句话“follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.”(因此，如今最受欢迎的课程不是文学或历史，而是会计学。)故此处应理解为选择专业的目的，B)正确。

8.D推断题。考察对第五段第一句的理解：虽然我们的确需要职业，这是真实的，但是我们的文明积累了大量的与我们的兴趣截然不同领域的知识，无论这些知识是于科学方面的，还得属于艺术领域的，我们一旦掌握了这些知识就会变得聪明得多，这一点也是毫无疑问的。在此，作者倡导我们不仅要学习专业知识还要重视其他方面的知识。故D)正确。

9.B细节题。从关键词diverse wisdom of others来看，答题依据在第五段最后两句：在学习来自于他人的各种各样的智慧的同时，我们学会了思考，更重要的可能是学会了超越当前的需求来观察事物的联系。B)正确，即：学习他人的智慧可以帮助人们看清事物的本质。

10.D判断题。文章的中心思想是，大学生选择专业时不要为眼前的物质利益所障目，而应该接受广泛的教育，以提高自己观察事物本质的能力。D)项(寻求专业定位的人不应该仅仅把注意力放在物质利益上)与中心思想吻合，故为本题答案。B)不是答案，首先是因为文中(第七段第二句)说的是a group of businessmen，而选项中说的是managers。其次，即使是businessmen，该选项也不可能是答案，因为文中借distinguish right from wrong”这个具体的例子，来说明“事经济活动的人员缺乏分析和判断事物的能力”，而并非如字面意思所说“d it hard to tell right from wrong”。

C

新技术史无前例地把世界连在了一起。我们的地球变小了。它现在是个“”，通过传真、电话或卫星，国家之间的距离只有几秒钟。当然，外语技能又极大地提高了我们运用高科技通信设备获取利益的能力。

经常使用此项新技术的是一种现代商人，他们非常重视国际商务的经济效益。在当今的市场，成功的海外业务有助于国内的商业活动。

驻外的工作对于管理人员级别的提升变得非常重要。驻在另一国家的管理人员不用再担心看不到或被忘却了。他或她可以确信自己在海外的努力是公司成功计划的核心，确信紧跟或伴随驻外任务的往往是升职。如果一个职员能成功地完成某项困难的驻外任务，上司们就会对他或她回美国后的办事能力更有信心，因为在美国跨文化的考虑以及外语问题正变得越来越普遍。因为有了商业应用之间各种各样相对便宜的通信设备，在美国即使很小的公司也能进入国际市场。

英语仍然是商业的国际语言。但是对能讲另一种语言的人的需求越来越大。第二语言并不是在商业领域找工作的必要条件，但是在其他条件相同的情况下，竞争者的语言技能便是他获胜的优势。

一个能说所驻国主要语言的驻外职员能有机会快速地促成某些协议，并能够通过文化洞察力判断出什么时候应该进行得慢一些。很明显，国内公司办公室职员若能通过电话或传真机很好地与外国客户交流，他们对公司来说是很有用的资源。

解析要点

11.D态度题。根据关键词可发现答案依据在首段：世界成了地球村，由于有了传真、电话和卫星等的联络，国与国之间仅仅几秒钟就可以取得联系。可见，作者对高科技通讯设备持积极和肯定的态度。故D)正确。

12.C细节题。答题依据在第二段第一句“modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad.”(现代商人越来越看重海外生意的经济价值)。故C)正确。

13.C句意理解题。答题依据在第三段：驻外的管理人员再也不需要担心他们会受到不公正的待遇。他可以相信他在海外的工作对公司的计划是至关重要的，并且提拔常常紧随或伴随驻海外的任命书而来。故C)正确。

14.B概括题。答题依据在第五、六段。第五段说：在其他条件相等的情况下，具有使用第二语言的能力就是优势了。第六段提到会说外语给驻外雇员和国内雇员带来了工作上的便利。故B)正确。

15.A推断题。答题依据在段首句：会讲驻在国语言的雇员知道何时可以加快谈判的节奏，也会有文化洞察力知道何时放慢谈判的速度。故A)“够较好地控制谈判的进程”正确。

D

近年来，由于以色列人更加富裕，更老于世故，他们的消费需求在增加。出国旅游全国盛行，仅今年夏天，每十个公民中就有一个将出国旅游。接触过各地高标准的服务之后，以色列人回国后也希望能得到同样的服务。美国的公司也大量地涌入以色列。像肯德基、麦当劳和必胜客等连锁店制定了新的顾客服务标准，用更严格的职员培训和经常性的监督来确保一线工作人员的朋友式的服务。即使告别顾客的美国式的习惯语“乐”也风靡整个以色列。“个人早晨起来会说‘让我们更友好一些’”。一家咨询公司的经理Itsik Cohen说“有竞争什么也不会发生”。

私有化或私有化的威胁也是一种刺激。过去从不关心顾客的垄断者今天开始害怕市场学教授Michael Perry所言的“顾客”了。当政府把竞争引入Bezaq电话公司时，它的国际公司就失去了40%的市场份额，即使在价格上有竞争力也无济于事。Perry说：“对多年的劣质服务进行报复。”电力公司的垄断也许是短暂的，它已经突然不再要求用户等半天的时间才能接受服务。现在，任何预约服务只需提前半个小时就行。颜面扫地、正在拍卖的ElAl航空公司已强调服务来重新培训它的员工。并在广告宣传标语中这样吹嘘培训的结果，“气中都能感觉到变化”。顾客调查表上首次出现了表扬多于批评的现象。

解析要点

16.A推断题。纵观全文可知文章的中心思想是：由于公民要求改善提高服务意识以及竞争的日益激烈和国有垄断私有化进程的加快，以色列的顾客服务在改善。故A)正确。

17.C细节题。答题依据在第一段最后一句“hing happens without competition”故C)正确。

18.D细节题。答题依据在第二段第四、五句话“ electric company，whose monopoly may be shortlived，has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman.Now，appointments are scheduled to the halfhour.”(电力公司垄断的日子不会太长了，他们突然取消了要求用户等待半天的预约维修时间。现在，预约维修时间是半小时。)故D)正确。

19.D细节题。答题依据在第二段最后两句：声名狼藉的以色列航空公司面临着被拍卖的境地，为强化服务，公司已看手对员工进行再培训。该段最后说到了对员工进行再培训的结果：在顾客调查中，乘客的表扬首次超过了投诉的次数。可见，以色列航空公司这个案例突出强调了再培训的重要性，故D)正确。A)是干扰项，它说顾客的报复对公司的垄断造成了威胁，而正确的说法是，顾客的报复是针对从事垄断行业的公司而言，而非垄断本身，故A)不对。

20.B推断题。答题依据在第二段。根据第二段的大意和说到电信公司损失40%市场份额时文章指出：People wanted revenge for the years of bad service，说明丢失市场的原因是顾客对他们的服务不满意，故B)正确。

2003年6月真题解析

A

美国3—12岁的孩子平均每星期的在校时间为29小时，比1981年多了8小时。同时，他们做的家务活多了，并且参加更多的像足球、芭蕾舞等有组织的活动。特别是参与体育活动的时间，从1981年到1997年增长了50%：现在男孩子平均每周花4小时运动，女孩的运动时间是男孩的一半。但是，总的说来，孩子们的空闲时间从1981年的40%降到了25%。

“母的时间危机同样也影响着孩子们”，最近对儿童作息时间表做调研的项目负责人Sandra Hofferth说。她说一个最主要的原因是更多的母亲外出工作。当然，生活在双收入家庭或“钱养家型”的家庭的孩子有较多的时间与他们的父母沟通，分别是每周19或22小时。相反，生活在单身母亲家庭的孩子每周与母亲在一起的时间只有9小时。

如果一味地学习而没有玩耍，会使孩子们的生活变得一团糟。哈佛医学院的教授T.Berry Brazelton说：“孩子们探索世界和认识自我的最有效的途径”。自由的玩耍促使孩子们独立地思考，并使他们与同伴协调地相处，然而，3—12岁的孩子花在玩耍上的时间每周只有12个小时。

抽样调查显示，孩子们把已经快速减少的“间”的四分之一用于看电视。但是，不管你相信不相信，家长们对这样的结果还是庆幸的。即使孩子们不花更多的时间看电视，他们也不会把时间用在读书上。尽管家长们费尽心思让孩子们对书本感兴趣，他们每周花在阅读上的时间也只有一个多小时。让我们面对现实吧，谁有时间呢？

解析要点

1.C推断题。文章第一段最后一句话总结了该段的大意，即孩子的闲暇时间减少了。接着作者在第二段一开始就引用了Sandra Hofferth的话“ldren are affected by the same time crunch that affects their parents.”(孩子面临的时间问题也是他们父母面临的问题。)具体地说，和孩子们一样，他们父母闲暇时间也在减少。据此，我们可以看出选项C)与文章意思相符。

2.B推断题。答题依据在第二段第三句话“ertheless，...”。上文说到Sandra Hofferth认为“们一样，父母闲暇时间也在减少。”然而，作者认为从调查中发现“作和父亲工作的家庭里花在与孩子交流上的时间相差不多”这一事实来看，可以推断Sandra Hofferth的观点不是绝对正确的，只是有一定道理而已。因此，我们可以确定B)为正确答案。

3.B概括题。概括第三段的内容，我们可以知道与同伴们玩耍是孩子们生活中不可缺少的一部分，对他们的发展起着至关重要的作用。因此，我们可以确定B)为该题答案。

4.A细节题。答题依据在文章第三段“tructured play encourages independent thinking and allows the young to negotiate their relationships with their peers，but kids aged 3 to 12 spent only 12 hours a week engaged in it.”。由此可推断，孩子其余闲暇时间被用于structured activities，作者对此感到担扰，故A)为该题答案。

5.D推断题。文章最后一段说，调查显示：在他们急剧减少的闲暇时间中，孩子只用了大约四分之一的时间来看电视。家长把这一发现看作好消息，因为他们以为孩子们只用较少的时间看电视，那么他们其余的时间一定用在阅读上了。然而，作者接着说“s aren t replacing it with reading”，由此我们可以推断，家长一定认为阅读对孩子有益，于是非常希望孩子多用一些时间在阅读上。据此，我们可以确定D)与文章意思相符。

B

美国著名的发明家和汽车制造商亨利·福特曾经说：“一切都是商业”。此话的意思是说，美国人的生活方式建立在商品社会的价值观上。

很少有人对福特的说法提出疑义。只要在一张日报上瞥上一眼，就不难发现有多少美国人在关心商业。比如，几乎每家报纸都有商业版，对各种工程和项目、资金和管理、股票价格和公司的劳务问题都是每日一报。此外，商业信息还在其他版面中出现。大多数国内新闻都能反映重要的金融信息。福利、援外、联邦财政预算以及联邦储备银行的政策等都极大地受到商业的影响。而且，商业信息还会在一些最不可能的地方出现。艺术和娱乐界经常被称为“”或“”。

福特的说法积极的一面可以从商业给美国生活带来的繁荣中看到。之所以有如此众多的人从世界各地涌入美国，其最重要的原因之一就是实现找到一份更好的工作的梦想。工作的机会很多，因为美国的经济制度是由竞争驱动的。人们相信这样的制度能创造更多的财富，提供更好的工作和更好的物质生活。

但是，福特的说法中消极的一面也显而易见，即当商业这个词被用来指代大财团的时候。“”这个词——指的是与工人相对的最大的商业集团或公司。在美国的历史上，工人们曾经为争取更高的工资、更好的工作环境以及组织工会的权利而艰苦地斗争。今天，许多旧的劳资纠纷已经消失，但是，雇员们仍然存在着忧虑。裁员——解雇成千上万的工人以保证低成本和高效益——使很多人产生了不安全感。

解析要点

6.B概括题。第二段的内容是：透过媒体无所不在的商业报道，我们可以知道，美国人关心的是如何获取更大的经济效益和更多的利润。据此，我们可以确定选项B)与文章的意思相符。

7.D细节题。该题问商业对美国社会影响的证据是什么？答题依据在文章第二段最后两句话“eover，business news appears in some of the unlikeliest places.The world of arts and entertainment is often referred to as ‘the entertainment industry’or ‘show business’”。其中，要特别注意the unlikeliest places，据此，我们可确定D)为正确答案。

8.D细节题。答题依据在文章第三段。概括第三段的内容，我们可以确定D)为正确答案。

9.C细节题。答题依据在文章第四段，该段大意是说明Henry Ford的话也含有负面意义。文章说，当Henry Ford的名言中business一词用于指代商业集团时，这时人们就自然会联想到资方与劳工的对立关系。据此，我们可以确定C)为该题答案。

10.A细节题。答题依据在文章第四段中“nsizing—the laying off of thousands of workers to keep expenses low and profits high—creates feelings of insecurity for many.”(裁员——解雇成千上万的工人以便降低成本、提高效益——给很多人带来了不安全感。)据此，我们可确定A)为该题答案。

C

史密斯教授最近说服了35个人，其中有23位妇女，坚持记两周日记，把他们所有心不在焉的行为都记录下来。当他在一份科研报告中分析这些人的令人尴尬的差错时，他惊奇地发现几乎所有的差错都可以归入几类。这些差错并不是毫无规律的。例如，其中的一位妇女，早晨离家上班的时候，把她的耳环扔给了她的狗，却试图把宠物饼干戴在耳朵上。“行为的解释是，大脑就像是计算机，”教授说。“自己设定好了程序去做一些经常性的事务。对这位妇女来说，扔给她的狗两块饼干，然后戴上耳环是每天早晨的习惯。但是，有时候程序中的步骤颠倒了。”报告中受试者的差错约有二十分之一属于此类“列错误”。

受试者共记录了433件他们自己认为是无意识而做的事情——平均每人12件。研究发现人们在一天中的高峰时段经常会做出荒谬可笑的事情。一天中共有两个小时这样的，分别出现在早晨8点到中午，下午4点到6点之间，晚上8点到10点之间有个小高峰。“来说，高峰时段出现在大脑‘程序’需要切换的时候，比如，上下班的时候”。报告还称，平均而言，妇女的差错更高一些——男女之比为12.5∶10.9——这也许是因为女性是更可靠的记录者。

此项研究一个惊人的发现是心不在焉的行为原来是我们在做熟练之事时所犯的。一般来说，人们希望熟记能减少我们所犯的错误。但是，通过集中注意力去避免愚蠢的失误会使事情更糟——甚至更危险。

解析要点

11.D细节题。答题依据在文章第一段：Professor Smith persuaded 35 people，...to keep a diary of all their absentminded actions for a fortnight.其中keep a diary of是“录”的意思。故可确定D)为该题答案。

12.A细节题。答题依据在文章第一段“he was surprised to find that nearly all of them (lapses) fell into a few groupings.”考生需要注意的是：fall into a few groupings意思为“种类型”，也可理解为“中发现规律”据此，可确定A)为正确答案。

13.C理解题。该题问“gramme assembly failures”指的是什么？答题依据在文章第二段。在该段中，作者首先举了一个无意识颠倒做事顺序的例子，然后归纳说“0个差错中就有一起属于这种‘programme assembly failures’”。由此可断定，“gramme assembly failures”指的就是“颠倒故事顺序”情况。故C)为该题答案。

14.A概括题。该段第二句话是主题句，从中可以看出该段的大意，其中peak periods是关键词。该段的大意是，差错通常发生在每天的一些时段。据此，我们可以断定A)与文义相符。

15.D推断题。答题依据在文章最后一段。人们一般认为差错是由心不在焉或缺乏注意力造成的。然而，调查发现“trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.”(通过集中注意力来避免差错有时会使事情更糟糕，甚至是危险的。)由此，我们可以得出结论：差错的原因不能都归因于缺乏注意力。据此，我们可确定D)为正确答案。A)项不是该题答案。虽然调查发现差错经常发生在每天一些特定的时段，这些时段过于分散，也很不具体，以致无法做到在这些特定的时段内不从事重要的工作。故A)不是正确答案。

D

很多孩子在养父母家比在亲生父母家过得更健康，更快乐，这已经不是秘密了。对于那些由于法律盲目偏袒生物学意义上的父母而留在那些受虐待的家庭的孩子来说尤其如此。同时，对那些由父母没有能力或不愿意照顾他们，但又不肯放弃监护权而痛苦地生活在收养家庭的孩子来说也是如此。

十四岁的Kimberly Mays不属于上述情况，但是，她最近的一场官司的打赢最终可以帮助那些相同帮助的孩子。Kimberly一直是一场愤怒的监护权争夺战中的争夺对象，一方是她的养父，另一方是她从来没有与之生活在一起的亲生父母。佛罗里达州的法官作出裁定，该少年应继续与她唯一熟悉的养父生活在一起，她的亲生父母“上没有权利主张”得到她。

这个裁定尽管有可能是本末倒置，但它驳回了血缘是决定父母身份的第一要素这一准则。这是一个重要进步，是一个人们期待已久的进步。

1978年12月，Kimberly Mays刚出生就与另一个孩子被弄混而抱错到了不是亲生的父母家中。Kimberly的亲生父母Ernest and Regina Twigg收养的孩子于1988年死于心脏病。医学检查显示孩子不是Twigg家的女儿，而Kimberly却是，于是，引发了Twigg家与Robert Mays争夺监护权的官司。1989年，两家同意Mays先生保留监护权，Twigg夫妇有权探望。后来Mays先生认为Kimberly受到了伤害，探视权被终止。

当然，父母与孩子的血缘关系是基本的。但是，亲生父母并非一定比养父母好，同时，血缘上的父母身份不能拥有取消孩子一切权利的绝对所有权。

解析要点

16.B细节题。答题依据在第二段第二、三句话“berly has been the object of an angry custody battle between the man who raised her and her biological parents，with whom she has never lived.A Florida judge ruled that the teenager can remain with the only father she s ever known and that her biological parents have “legal claim”on her.”法官把Kimberly判断养父，剥夺了生父母的法律权利，这个案例的根据是“养她并和她一直生活在一起的唯的一父亲”。由此可见，法官判断的依据是是否有利于孩子的生活和成长，换言之，是考虑到孩子的利益，而不是血统因素。据此，我们可确定B)为正确答案。

17.A细节题。答题依据在文章第五段“s he (the judge) made clear that she was more than just property to be handled as adults saw fit.”(法官声明，孩子不只是听任成年人摆布的财产。)据此，我们可确定答案为A)。

18.C细节题。答题依据在文章第二段和第三段。第二段中提到“an angry custody battle between the man who raised her and her biological parents，”作者是在第三段又写到“berly s biological parents，Ernest and Regina Twigg...”由此，我们得知the Twiggs之所以参与Kimberly的监护权之争，因为他们是她的生父母。据此，我们可确定C)为该题答案。

19.A细节题。答题依据在文章第三段“rtly after birth in December 1978，Kimberly Mays and another infant were mistakenly switched and sent home with the wrong parents.”由此，我们知道这件事是由于意外(错抱)所致。为此，我们可确定A)为正确答案。

20.D观点题。文章最后两段是作者对该案件的分析。作者有最后一段中说到：但是生身父母并不总是比养育父母更好，此外生身父母并不意味着拥有否决孩子一切权利的专有权。鉴于此，我们可以确定作者对该案的宣判持肯定和支持态度。故可确定D)为正确答案。

2004年1月真题解析

A

有研究得出结论说，人们比五十年前更幸福了，抑或不如过去幸福；比五十年前更自信了，抑或不及以前自信。对于任何这样的研究我通常都持怀疑的态度。虽然其中有些话还是可信的，但是这些结论几乎无法用科学的方法来验证。尽管如此，我还是对一篇研究报告留有深刻的印象。该报告说，今天的儿童比二十世纪五十年代的儿童明显地更为焦虑。据报告分析，事实上，当今正常的9至17岁之间的儿童比五十年前接受精神疾病治疗的儿童表现出更高程度的焦虑。

美国的孩子为什么如此压抑？该报告列举了两个主要的原因：一个原因是由于高离婚率和较少参与集体活动等因素而导致的日益严重的孤独；另一个原因是人们意识到世界是一个危险的地方。

如果说历史的时钟不可以逆转，但是成年人仍然有许多事情可做，以帮助年轻一代来面对当今的境况。

首先是要培养儿童对个人主义局限的认识。每个孩子不是一个孤岛。加强社交联系有助于社区的建立，减轻个人受压力的影响。

你可以关掉电视和电脑，多让孩子与别人接触。你的家人会因此而受益。他们会有更多的时间进行面对面的交流，也会有更多的睡眠时间。

限制孩子接触虚拟暴力。这不仅表现在电子游戏和电影方面，孩子从本地新闻也会了解到许多谋杀和犯罪的情况。

将你孩子的预期目标设定在合理范围之内。许多杰出的成功人士从未上过哈佛大学或耶鲁大学。

使体育锻炼成为你生活的一部分。它有助于你克服自身的焦虑，从而为孩子树立良好的榜样。有时，焦虑是不可避免的。但是它不应该对你的生活产生负面影响。

解析要点

1.D细节题。答题依据在文章第一段第一句话“ usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes”(对……持怀疑态度)和第二句话“ctically impossible to prove scientifically”(几乎不可能得到科学验证)。因此，D)questionable(怀疑的)为正确答案。命题思路：首先，基于文中concludes(L1.Para.1)：conclusions(题中)的对应关系，出题者将此选为命题素材；其次，再将be skeptical about 和practically impossible to prove scientifically设为正确答案的依据。

2.B语义理解题。正确选择该题的答案离不开本文的中心思想，即：我们必须面对当前存在的问题，帮助孩子克服成长中的困难。此外，我们还需完整地理解该句意思：考虑到时钟不可能倒转，成年人仍然可以做很多的事情来帮助孩子克服困难。根据以上分析，我们可以得出结论：这句话意思是“可改变”。故，B)为正确答案。A)(不可能放慢变化的速度)，C)(不要忘记过去的教训)，D)(不可能忘记过去)均与中心思想和该句确切的意思有较大出入。命题思路：之所以选择turn the clock back作为素材，是因为在不同的语境中可以有不同的解释。解题技巧：符合中心思想和语境完整意思的是答案。

3.C语义理解题。答题依据在文章第一段末尾。文章说“mal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago.”(与五十年前患有心理疾病的孩子相比，今天正常的九至十七岁的孩子表现了更高程度的焦虑。)据此，我们可确定C)符合题意。

4.C细节题。归纳题。该题答案在第四段。要正确回答该问题，需要把第四段综合在一起来看，该段的中心意思是说首先和最重要的事就是认识到个人的局限性，孩子不是孤立的岛屿，加强社交联系有助于建立交流网络，保护个人免受压力的困扰。由此可见，建立广泛的社会联系，有助于克服压力。据此，可确定C)符合题意。

5.A中心思想题。A)(虽然焦虑是不可避免的但仍可以克服)与中心思想完全一致，故可确定为该题答案。我们仍可通过分析其他选项，对正确答案予以验证。B)(儿童的焦虑被夸大了)严重地违背中心思想，所以首先将其排除。C)(儿童的焦虑可以通过更多的家长关心而得到消除)，该选项的谬误之处在于“。文章告诉我们：焦虑是儿童成长中不可回避的现实，问题是如何克服。D)(焦虑若控制得当可以帮助儿童变得成熟起来)，文章讨论的焦点不是如何使孩子成熟而是如何帮助他们克服所面临的焦虑。

B

谈判起始薪水要求相对要容易一些，因为一旦你进了一个单位，这个单位的约束机制就会影响到你以后的薪水增加。但是，有一件事是明确的：除非你要求，否则你得到你觉得应该享有薪水的可能性就比较小。男性通常要求的多一些，因此得到的也多一些。这个问题不仅反映在提薪上，还反映在其他资源的分配上。让我们来听听Beth的故事：

在过去，我不要求的东西我是得不到的。我们那儿有办公小隔间和窗户办公室。我当时和几个男性同事坐在隔间办公室里。一个又一个地，他们都搬进窗户办公室，而我还坐在隔间。有几个在我后面进公司的男性同事也进了办公室。有一个特意告诉我说在排队进办公室的人当中，他是下一个，这是他开始谈判工作的时候就定下来的。我想他们认为我坐在隔间办公室已经很满足了，因为我没有对此提出异议。

如果我们的薪水能按照我们的业绩自动增加就好了。但是这种情况不是大多数单位所具有的。如果你觉得你应该享受一笔薪水增加，你可能得要求。

当你寻求加薪的时候，最佳筹码就是你的工作表现。你必须能够显示出你应该享受加薪。时机也是要求加薪的好筹码。如果就在业绩薪水确定的前夕，你能给你的老板他所需要的东西(比如说：一个新客户，或者一笔大的订单)。你就很有可能得到你希望的加薪。

信息也可以用作谈判的筹码。到人才市场上打听你的工作值多少钱，别的公司付给你多少薪水。

谈判中选择适当的时机拿出你的筹码，利用谈判技巧来引导讨论的方向。

解析要点

6.D细节题。答题依据在文章第一段第一句话“is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement(谈判薪水要求)because...”选项D)ask for the salary he hopes to get)与该句的意思相吻合，同时也与中心思想保持一致。A)(demonstrate his capability)是在第三段，即：是在进入公司以扣要求增加薪水的语境中出现的。B)give his boss a good impression)文章未具体提及。C)(ask for as much money as he can)只是一般意义上的“量多的钱”，而不是指“到薪水”。

7.B推断题。答题依据在第二段，该段的意思可以从其主题句(也就是第一句话)中看出，I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it.由此可以推断，B)项(If people want what they deserve，they have to ask for it)为正确答案。A)项内容在文章中得不到支持，因为即使是男性受到良好的待遇也是要求的结果(males tend to ask for more)或事先谈判的结果(it had been part of his negotiations for the job)。选项C)和D)均与文章的中心思想和该段在文中的作用不符。

8.A推断题。根据中心思想(薪水的改善要靠自己争取)和文章内容，我们可以确定A)(在增加薪水方面存在着不公平的现象)，为正确答案。B)、C)、D)都不是文章内容，更与中心思想不符。

9.D细节题。根据题中的关键词to get a pay raise，我们可以断定答题依据在文章四、五、六段。经过研读原文，我们首先可以将A)、B)、C)逐个排除。只有D)与文章第四段最后一句话相符，即：在奖励薪水决定做出之前，员工应该做一些给老板留下深刻印象的事迹。

10.C细节题。根据问题中的关键词to be successful in negotiations，我们可以确定答题依据在最后一段。综合段的大意，我们可以得出结论，C)为该题答案。

C

当全家聚集在一起共享圣诞晚餐时候，有些家庭会遵循祖母一代的正式传统。桌子上摆着上等的瓷、银餐具，衣着也极为讲究。

但是在许多其他家庭里，这种瓷、银器的雅致被非正式的粗陶和不锈钢取代了，穿着也和平时一样。对主人和客人来说，这种变化意味着更加简朴和舒适。而对英国瓷器生产厂家来说，意味着经济上困难时期的到来。

上个星期，StokeonTrent所属雇员最多的一个公司Royal Doulton宣布它计划减少五分之一的员工：1 000个工作岗位。这就意味着陶瓷行业在过去18个月内减少了多达4 000多个工作岗位。Wedgwood和另外几家陶瓷工厂已在此前进行了减员。

虽然英镑的坚挺和亚洲市场的疲软是裁员的一个原因，Stoke削减员工的根本原因还是在于社会的剧烈变化。Royal Doulton的一位发言人承认，该公司在紧跟非正式的就餐潮流方面有些迟缓。他解释说，全家聚餐少了，越来越多的人单独吃饭了，或者是由于他们是单身，或者由于边看电视边吃饭。

那些晚宴，即使举行也变得非正式了。在当今工作时间长，家庭安排又紧的情况下，忙碌的主人颇有道理地坚持全家分享一块纸盘盛装的外卖的比萨饼，而不是等候美好的时刻，即一顿真正的晚宴。不举行晚宴，那是太平常的事了。熨烫一下图案精美的桌布？算了吧。擦擦银制餐具？没有时间。

然而，礼仪的消失也有其负面作用。孩子过去也许曾经从饭桌旁通过父母亲和祖父母的言传身教学到了礼节(“不张嘴”“挨餐桌”)，如今他们得从别的地方学。有的公司现在给员工办礼节班，这些员工也许在专业上很能干，但是在社交上却很迷茫。

解析要点

11.B细节题。根据问题中的关键词the trend towards casual dining，我们发现该词组出现在第三段第二句话。但是经过研读，我们可以确定答题依据在第三段；也就是说the trend to casual dining has resulted in layoffs或downsizing。不难看出，四个选项中，B)shrinking of the pottery industry(陶瓷产业的萎缩)与文章的意思相一致。A)bankruptcy(破产)，C)restructuring(重组)，D)recession(萧条)均与文章的意思不符。

12.B概括题。答题依据在文章第五段。通过问题中的关键词casual dining，我们首先确定答题依据在文章第五段。概括该段的内容，我们可以将casual dining的变化归因为long work hours and demanding schedules。据此，我们可以选定B)为正确答案。选项A)、C)、D)均与文章的意思不符。

13.D细节题。根据关键词，我们发现答题依据在文章第四段第二句。研读该句，我们可以确定这是一家生产瓷器的公司。据此，可确定D)为正确答案。

14.C细节题。根据关键词“offs”，我们可以找到答题依据在第四段第一句话the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts。故，可确定C)为正确答案。

15.A推断题。答题依据在最后一段。文章说The fine points of etiquette...must be picked up elsewhere，以及Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.(高雅的礼节必须从家庭以外的场合学到；有的公司现在向员工提供礼节研讨会，这些员工也许在专业上很能干，但是在社交上却很迷茫。)据此，我们可以推断高雅的礼节”在某些情况下还是必要的”。故，选项A)为正确答案。

D

有一些房子被设计得很精妙，而另外一些房子则有很精妙的设计。后者的一个典范获得了美国建筑师学会的卓越奖。

这座获奖的立方形的海滨房屋坐落在南加利福尼亚附近的Sullivan岛的海边。建造这座房子是为了恢复十年前被飓风Hugo彻底摧毁的一座房子。在1989年，Hugo袭击南加利福尼亚，致使这个州的18人死亡，36000家的屋子受到破坏或摧毁。

建筑师Ray Huff说，在Hugo到来之前，许多南加沿海岸线房子质量不佳，建筑标准没有严格执行，正是这位建筑师创造了这座设计精妙的海边屋子。飓风Hugo之后，所有的沿海岸的房子必须符合更严格的且被更好地执行的标准。Sulivan岛海边的这座新房子应该能经受住最大风速179—209公里/小时的3级飓风。

乍一看，这座Sullivan岛上的房子绝非抗风的建筑。一位观测者说，其红色木外壳使它看起来像夜间的“日大灯笼”。但是，外观有时是不可靠的。这座房子的木质框架用长钢筋进行了加固，使其增加了承受力。

为了进一步保护这座房子免遭飓风的破坏，建筑师Huff使它高出地面2.7米，坐落于木桩之上：细长的方木桩深深地牢扎在沙地之中。木桩也许看起来不够牢固，但是它们足够支撑房子的重量。木桩还使房子高于暴风雨掀起的巨浪。木桩使得浪涛从房子底下冲过，而不是进入房子里面。Huff说“浪以惊人的速度冲向岸边，给面向海岸的房子造成巨大的破坏。”

根据Huff的设计，木桩的一部分被房子的从地面到屋顶的外壳遮盖着。Huff说“住了木桩，目的在于使房子看起来不像坐落在木桩上似的。”这位建筑师解释说，当浪涛冲来时，外壳就会裂开，让波浪冲向屋子下面。

解析要点

16.C细节题。根据问题中的关键词After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo，我们发现答题依据在第三段第二句话，In Hugo s wake(飓风Hugo袭击之后)，all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter，betterenforced codes.据此，我们可以确定C)与文章的意思相符。故为正确答案。

17.A细节题。根据问题中的关键词“te strong”，我们可以找到答题依据在第四段最后一句话。文章说，The house s wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength.由此可见，A)为该题答案。

18.D细节题。答题依据在第五段。第五段有两处明显提到这样做的目的：第一句话，To further protect the house from hurricane damage，第三句They also elevate the house above storm surges.据此，我们可确定D)符合文章的意思。

19.B细节题。答题依据在最后一段。文章说，The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn t look like it s standing with its pant legs pulled up(外壳遮住了木桩，目的在于使房子看起来不像坐落在木桩之上)。由此，可确定B)为正确答案。

20.C推断题。该题问“断小屋的外壳应该具有什么特点？”答题依据在最后一段。文章说到，In the event of a storm surge，the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house.(当风暴掀起的巨浪袭来时，外壳应该向两侧裂开，以便让大浪冲向屋子的底下。)由此，我们可以推断C)符合题意，理由在于每当大浪侵袭时，外壳就会很容易地打开，以保护小屋的安全。A)无任何根据。而B)(防水的)虽然从某种程度上也说得通，但相比之下。C)很容易也开裂与文章的意思结合更紧密一些。

2004年6月真题解析

A

A表示一贯按时上班。

B表示极端忙碌。

C表示勤勤恳恳的工作作风。

在办公室上述表现你可能都有，而且还有可能更多。但是当说到得到发展。专家说工作中的基本知识还应包括P，即：政治，这里是指办公室政治。

戴尔·卡内基50多年前提出了仅靠努力工作并不能保证飞黄腾达的理论。你必须公开地或私下地推销自己和自己的主张。然而，尽管使用办公室政治有着显著的效果：提升职务、提高工资和受到表彰，但很多人仍然不会或者不愿意玩这种“。

“为办公室政治涉及到一些工于心计的行为”，霍夫斯特拉大学管理助理教授黛博拉·寂玛说。“一词源于词‘polite’。它可以意味着游说和组成联盟。它可以意味着和善和乐于助人，或者甚至表示竭力取悦于你的上司，并且期望得到某种回报。”

现在，专家实际上把办公室政治定义为在工作地点为了追求个人利益而采取的恰当行为。在许多情况下，它还包含在办公室环境中的某种形式的社交活动——不仅在大公司，在小的工作单位也是如此。

管理心理学家内尔·P·刘易斯说，“判断一个人的第一标准就是他是否一贯表现良好。但是，如果有两个或三个人期待晋升，而每一个人的能力又都相当接近，那么经理将会提升他最喜欢的那一位。这是人的本性使然。”

然而，心理学家还说，很多雇员和雇主都搞不清办公室政治这个概念。他们说，有些人对于工作和获得成功的方法抱有一种理想主义的看法。还有一些人把政治和奉承混为一谈，担心如果他们坦率地表达意见，他们就显得是在奉承老板，从中取得好处。

专家建议人们要澄清对于办公室政治的消极认识，而要看到它对自己发展晋升是十分必要的。

解析要点

1.C概括题。答案依据在第七段，专家为其做出的定义是为获得工作单位的个人利益所使用的适当的行为，具体地说，它涉及到办公室内部特定的社交行为(socializing社交)。我们可知，办公室政治是指工作单位内部的人际关系。据此，我们可以确定该题答案为C)办公室政治是指“部的人际关系”。

2.A归纳题。答案依据在文章第八段，(雇员)首先要能始终如一地完成好自己的工作(perform well consistently)，其次还需要得到上司们的喜欢(a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best)。据此，我们可以确定A)为该题答案“以好印象”。

3.B综合题。答案依据在第九段，文章列举了两种情况：一些人对工作和成功的因素持有理想主义的看法。还有一些人把政治等同为奉承。综合起来看，这两种人都认为办公室政治是违反原则的。据此，我们可以确定B)为正确答案“得这种行为是不合乎原则的”。

4.D观点题。作者写本文的目的是，论证了办公室政治在雇员发展和晋升方面的重要性。所以说，作者对办公室政治持积极态度。据此，可确定D)办公室政治“晋升的重要因素”符合文章的意思，为该题答案。

5.B观点题。该题是围绕工作表现和办公室政治与成功的关系而设计的。由第八段，我们知道作者认为，要获得升迁仅仅胜任工作是不够的，还需给老板留有好印象。在第九段，作者介绍了不愿卷入办公室政治的两种想法：与自己关于工作的成功的理想相矛盾；把办公室政治和奉承混为一谈。在最后一段，作者忠告人们改变(上述两种)负面看法，从而认识到推销自己的必要性。综上所述，我们可以确定B)“销并不一定就是奉承”符合文章的意思和作者的观点。

B

一名《进步》杂志的记者已经发现如何制造氢弹之事一经披露，一群武器爱好者就成立了全国氢弹协会，并且他们正在游说阻止制定法律禁止美国公民拥有氢弹。

该协会的发言人说：“予每个人拥有武器的权利。宪法并没有清楚地指明是什么样的武器。但是，既然什么人都可以制造氢弹，老百姓就应该能够购买它来保卫自己。”

“为家里有一颗氢弹是很危险的吗？特别是在到处都有孩子的地方。”

“弹协会希望教育人们安全地保管这种武器。我们要教会他们将氢弹存放在一个上锁的柜子里，并把引信单独地放在抽屉里。”

“认为氢弹是一种能杀人的致命武器。”

发言人说：“杀人——而是人杀人。氢弹是用于自卫的，而且它还有一种威慑作用。如果某人知道你家有一颗核武器，是否要闯入你家，他将要考虑再三。”

“张禁止美国公民拥有氢弹的人宣称，如果你把氢弹锁在柜子里，引信放在抽屉里，你根本来不及把它们组装起来去阻止入侵者。”

“许人们拥有氢弹的另一论点是：目前制造一枚氢弹是非常昂贵的，所以你们协会支持的是一个只允许中产阶级以上的人群拥有氢弹的计划，而穷人被置于只有手枪的无防御能力的境地。”

解析要点

6.A细节题。该题的答案依据在第一段，一些武器迷们成立了全国氢弹协会，他们正在游说阻止任何不允许美国公民拥有氢弹的立法出台。纵观四个选项，我们很难立即确定正确答案。但通过排除法，我们可以认定A)“于不允许个人拥有氢弹的立法的出台”为该题答案。文章中，lobby against any legislation的意思是“说来阻止任何立法的出台。”

7.C细节题。该题的答案依据分布在文章第三段和第五段。这两段内容均反映了不赞成个人拥有氢弹那些人的担心，即：对自身家庭安全的威胁和对他人的威胁。据此，我们可以确定C)为该题答案“将会威胁到人们的生命”。

8.A释义题。答案依据在文章第六段，deterrent是“威慑”的意思。如果考生不认识该词，他们仍可以从以下句话中弄懂发言人的意思：如果某人知道你家里有核武器，他就会再三考虑，是否还要闯入你的家里。think twice about something意思是“再三思考”。鉴于此，我们可以确定A)为该题答案“走任何可能的入侵者”。

9.D推断题。因为文章七至八段讨论的是反对者观点，我们应该根据这部分的内容来确定答案。准确地说，答案依据在第八段，意思是说，氢弹造价昂贵，只有富人买得起，而穷人无力问津。为此，我们可以推断该题答案为D)“器的造价将使得公民们处于不平等的地位”。

10.A态度题。该文是以作者与氢弹协会发言人的对话的形式发展的。从作者对发言人提出的问题(分别见三、五、七、八段)，我们可以看出“个人拥有氢弹的必要性以及可行性持怀疑态度”。纵观四个选项，我们可以确定A)“家庭拥有氢弹作为保护措施的必要性持有怀疑态度”。B)，C)两个选项与文章内容出入太大，可首先予以排除。D)的不妥在于spread of nuclear weapons(核武器的扩散)，而文章讨论的是家庭拥有核武器可行性的问题，显然不是文章所谈内容。

C

手语已经成为科学的一个热门话题。仅仅在过去的20年间语言专家们才认识到手语是独特的语言——一种用手说话的语言。手语提出了一种探究人脑怎样产生和理解语言的新方法，并对一个古老的科学争论(语言及其语法是与生俱来的，还是后天习得的)提出了新的见解。当前对手语的兴趣始于一位具有叛逆精神的教师的独开先河的工作，他当时就职于世界上唯一的聋人文科大学——华盛顿特区的加拉维特大学。

当比尔·斯托科前往加拉维特教英语时，学校让他进入一个班进修手势课程。但是，斯托科发现一件奇怪的事情：学生间进行交流的手势跟在班上老师讲授的手势不同。

斯托科学会了一种手势代码，每个动作代表一个英语词。当时，美国的手势语言被认为只是一种混杂英语。然而，斯托科认为他的学生所用的手语似乎更丰富些。他感到奇怪：聋人实际上有一种真正的语言吗？那么这种语言与世界上的其他语言都不一样吗？那是1955年，当时甚至连聋人都认为他们的手语不够标准。斯托科的想法成了学术上的异端邪说。

37年以后，斯托科他把他的时间全都用来写作、编辑书刊和制作美国手语和聋人文化方面的录像资料——正在加拉维特校园附近的一家咖啡店里一边用早餐，一边解释他是如何开始进行这场革命的。几十年来教育工作者一直在反对他的理论，即：手势语言是和英语、法语和日语一样的自然语言。他们认为语言必须以话语为基础，即以声音的调节为基础。但是，手语是以手的动作为基础。即以空间的调节为基础。斯托科解释说：“思是语言不是话语的产物，而是思维的产物。”

解析要点

11.B归纳题。答案依据在第一段和第四段。第一段文章第三句说，只是在过去的20年中专家们才认识到，手势语言(即：手语)对研究大脑如何产生和理解语言提出了一种新的途径，并对语言的本质这个有争议的问题提出了新的见解。此外，这个观点在文章第四段第三至六句中得到了证实，“来教育学家一直反对Stokoe的手势语言也是自然语言的观点”。归纳文章中有关阐述以及参照文章的中心思想，我们知道手势语言的研究对语言本质的认识提出了一种与前人不同的观点，是对既定观点的挑战。据此，我们可以确定该题答案为B)手势语言的本质的认识提出了一种与前人不同的观点，是对既定观点的挑战。据此，我们可以确定该题答案为B)手势语言的研究被认为是“本质的传统看法的挑战”。C)“法结构的新方法”；D)“言起源的新尝试”；A)对“习新的认识方法”，均与文章的中心思想无关。

12.C归纳题。答题依据在文章第一段“ current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher...”(当前对手势语言的兴趣起源于一个具有叛逆精神的老师……)。从下文我们知道这位教师就是Bill Stokoe。归纳起来，并结合文章的中心思想我们可以确定该题答案为C)这场研究运动是由“哑人大学的英文老师”激发的。

13.B归纳题。答案依据在文章最后一段第三至六句，Stokoe认为手势语言也是一种自然语言。语音的语言依赖声音的调节，而手势的语言则依赖空间的调节。归纳起来理解就是，Stokole认为基于语音和基于手势的语言都是自然语言，它们都是大脑思维的产物。由此可见，B)为正确答案“言是一种真正的语言”。

14.D细节题。答案依据在第四段第三至四句，多年来教育家不同意Stokoe关于手势语言也是自然语言的观点，他们认为(自然)语言必须以语音为基础。据此，我们可以确定D)”语言只能以语音的形式存在”为该题答案。

15.D推断题。答案依据在第四段最后一句，Stokoe认为“是语音的产物，而是思维的产物”。由此我们知道这是他的主要根据。据此，我们可以确定D)“大脑的产物”为正确答案。

D

事情来得好像有点突然。威尔士王妃戴安娜1997年去安哥拉声援红十字会全面禁止杀伤性地雷的运动。在王妃到达安哥拉后的几小时内，全世界的电视屏幕便充满了王妃慰问被地雷炸伤的伤员的影像。“知道伤亡的统计数字，”王妃说，“亲眼看到这些受伤的人们使我更加看清了现实情况。例如，我见到了一个13岁的名叫桑德拉的小女孩，她失掉了条腿，还有像她一样的其他人。”

王妃用一句言简意赅的话结束了她的讲话：“须制止地雷。”而且她利用访问中每一个场合来重复这句话。

但是，在伦敦，某些政府官员并不认同她的观点，他们拒绝支持禁止这些武器。恼怒的政客们在报纸上攻击王妃。他们把她说成“闻”和“的人”。

王妃以不屑一顾的方式回敬这些批评，“需要这种干扰。我要做的一切是伸出援助之手。”

反对党、媒体和公众立即表示他们对王妃的支持。使得政府更为难堪的是，不久真相大白，原来王妃的安哥拉之行是经过外交部批准的，王妃实际上对安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策都很了解。结果，政府感到极为尴尬。

为了极力遏止这一不利局面，外交大臣马尔科姆·瑞夫坎德声称王妃关于地雷的观点与政府的政策并没有很大的不同，而政府正在“全世界禁止地雷的方向迈进”。防务大臣迈克尔·帕蒂罗说此事是“曲解”。

对王妃来说，她对这个久经战火蹂躏的国家的访问是一次极好的机会：她利用她的名望向世界展示地雷会造成多么大的破坏和灾难，她说，这次访问还给了一次机会，使她更接近人民和更了解他们的困难。

解析要点

16.A细节题。答案依据在第一段第一句，“持红十字会组织的全面禁止地雷的运动。”A)“面禁雷”符合题意，故为该题答案。文中voice her support意思为“。”

17.D细节题。该题要求准确理解“ting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me.”首先，从结构上来看，该句的主语为putting a face to those figures(亲自接触这些数字)，谓语为brought the reality home to me (使我清晰地了解现实，bring something home to somebody是英语中一个短语动词，意思是“清晰地认识到某事”)。综合起来理解，这句话的意思是，“临其境于这些受害者当中，我认识到现实情况的严重性。”据此，我们可以看出D)为该题答案“害者的痛苦使她认识到了形势的严峻。”C)项的错误在于believe the statistics(相信统计)，而正确的内容应该是believe the reality(看清了现实情况)。A)和B)的内容与文章与入较大，故更容易排除。

18.B细节题。答案依据在文章第三段第一句，“，她的观点没有得到一些政府官员的支持；政府拒绝支持禁止这些武器。”这里有两点值得注意：其一，to share one s view 意思是“人的观点”；其二，a ban on these weapons中these weapons是指“一类武器”。但是在媒体上，这些官员却以“informed(无知)和loose cannon(乱放炮)来攻击戴安娜。综上所说，政府官员之所以批评戴安娜是因为观点不同，而不是其他。据此，我们可以确定B)为该题答案“际上反对禁雷”。

19.A释义题。答案依据在文章第四段第一句，王妃对这些批评不屑一顾；她说：“需要这样的干扰，我所做的一切是伸出援助之手。”该句中，brush aside something 意思是“不予理睬”。根据以上分析，我们可以看出该题正确答案为A)“些批评意见不予理睬”。

20.B细节题。答案依据在文章最后一段第二句，她说这次访问拉近了她与普通人民及其问题的距离。B)与文章意思相符，为本题答案。

2005年1月真题解析

A

嗓子疼、鼻子不通和浑身酸痛都会带来痛苦，但是能够识别其原因是普通感冒还是流感，对于这种痛苦持续的时间长短会有着重要的意义。

美国呼吸科协会颁布了预防普通感冒和流感的新的指导方针，其中关键和一条是迅速将两者加以区别。因为流感患者必须在患病后立即服用处方药物。至于普通感冒，如果患者及早服用非处方药物，痛苦也可以早一点减轻。

常见的普通感冒和流感都是由病毒引起的。有200多种病毒能引起伤风症状，而引起流感的有三种病毒——A型、B型和C型。这两种病都没有治疗办法，但是流感疫苗可以预防流感，按照美国呼吸科协会的说法，对于大多数人来说，这是预防流感最佳的办法。

但是如果一旦患了流感，快速行动会有所帮助。虽然流感和普通伤风有很多共同点，但还是可以找到一些明显的不同之处。

感冒的症状如鼻塞、流鼻涕和嗓子疼是逐渐形成的，而且成人和青少年通常不发烧。但是发烧却是所有年龄人患流感的一种典型特征。而且一般来说，流感的症状包括发烧和怕冷、嗓子疼和浑身酸痛是突然发生的，其症状也比感冒要重。

美国呼吸科协会指出，当婴儿和学龄前儿童患流感时，可能会特别难以区分。建议父母如果婴儿有流感式症状应请医生诊断。

非处方的药物也可以减轻感冒和流感的症状。然而，患感冒或流感的儿童和青少年不应服用阿司匹林来减轻疼痛，因为有导致Reye综合征的危险。这是一种不常见但对肝和中枢神经系统有严重影响的疾病。

当然，还没有普通感冒的疫苗。不过，经常洗手和避免与患感冒的人密切接触可以减少患感冒的可能性。

解析要点

1.A推理题。答题依据在第一段1至2行being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu may make a difference in how long the misery lasts(能够区别普通感冒和流感对疾病痛苦持续时间的长短有着重要意义)。由此，我们可以推断“因，可以使人们对症下药，从而加快痊愈”。A) shorten the duration of the illness(缩短患病的时间)为正确答案。

2.D细节题。根据第七段Both cold and flu symptoms can be eased with overthecounter medications as well.(感冒和流感的症状都以通过服用非处方药而得到减轻。)，我们可以确定正确答案为D)。

3.C概括题。虽然答题依据在第二段第二句话，考生需要将第一和第二句话联系在一起看。从中，我们可以概括出“感以后需要马上服用处方药”(the preion drugs available for the flu need to be taken soon after the illness sets in)。为此，我们可以确定正确答案为C)one should take medicine upon catching the disease(我们一旦患了流感应该立即服药)。upon doing something意思是“(就)”。

4.B推断题。答题依据在第五段第二句话fever is one of the characteristic features of the flu for all ages(发烧是各种年龄流感患者所表现出的特有症状)。据此，我们可以推断B)A high temperature(体温高)为正确答案。

5.A判断题。文章第七段第二句话说“ldren and teens with a cold or flu should not take a aspirin for pain relief because...”(儿童或青少年患了普通感冒或流感不应该服用阿司匹林，因为……)。据此，我们可以断定A)(parents) are advised not to give them aspirin(家长不应该让他们服用阿司匹林)与文中内容相符。

B

当美国的儿童普通文化课成绩不佳时，许多美国人转向文化课成绩好且面经济取得成功的日本寻求可能的答案。但是日本学龄前教育提供的答案并不是美国人所期待的。在大多数日本学龄前教育中，普通文化课教育并不受到重视。在一项调查中，300名日本和210名美国的学龄前教师、儿童开发专家和家长接受询问，问题涉及早期儿童教育的各个方面。只有2%的日本答卷者把“提供一个好的文化课的开端”列为社会进行学龄前教育的前三项之一。相 却有半数以上的美国答卷者把这一点列为前三项之一。日本学校为了使学生在一年级和以后为成功的职业做好准备，并不教学生阅读、书写和算术，而是教他民们持久性、专注性和集体精神。绝大部分日本儿童是在家中由父母教授他们阅读的。

在最近这项对日本和美国学龄前教育的比较中，有91%的日本答卷者把“集体实践”列为社会学龄前前三项之一。62%的倾向于个性发展的美国人把集体实践列为前三项之一。在日本早期儿童教育中对集体重要性的强调将继续贯彻到初级学校教育中。

像在美国一样，日本的早期儿童教育也有多样性。有些日本幼儿园有具体的目标，如早期音乐培训或潜力开发。在一些大城市，有附中和附小的大学也有幼儿园。一些日本家长认为，如果小孩参加了大学发起的计划，就增加了孩子最终进入名牌中学和大学的机会。有些更为激进的方案引入自由玩耍的活动，作为减轻日本某些幼儿园大量文化教育负担的一种方法。

解析要点

6.C推断题。第一段开头说到，当前美国儿童学业成绩不佳，于是他们把目光转向学术成就和经济成就都显著的日本。由此，我们可以推断，美国人认为日本之所以取得如此成就，他们一定非常重视学龄前儿童学习能力的培养。为此，我们可以确定答案为C)Japanese preschool education emphasizes academic instruction(日本学龄前教育重视学业教育)。

7.B概括题。正确回答该题的关键在于“o”。从文章第一段，我们知道多数接受调查的美国人(over half)认为学龄前训练应该重视知识学习(start academically)，相比之下接受调查的日本人中只有2%的人赞成这种观点。第二段讨论了美国人和日本人关于集体活动的看法。我们知道，在这个问题上美国人和日本人的看法虽有差别(美国人62%，日本人91%)，但是毕竟有62%(堪称“)接受调查的美国人对此给予了重视。为此，我们可以得出结论，多数美国人不仅重视知识的学习，而且还重视集体精神的培养。据此，我们可以确定B)group experience(集体实践)为正确答案。解题技巧：关键词also决定答案。

8.D概括题。从文章中，我们可以清楚地看出，就学龄前儿童的教育而言，美国人重视知识学习，而日本人重视“、专注性和集体精神”的培养。后者应该被列为“的范畴。因此，我们应该确定D)shaping children s character(塑造儿童的品质)为该题答案。

9.C细节题。该题的答题依据在文章最后一段最后一句话，Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.(有一些较为激进的计划还引入了自由玩耍的活动，旨在减轻一些日本幼儿园过于沉重的学习负担。)据此，我们可以确定C)lighten children s study load(减轻孩子的学习负担)为正确答案。

10.D细节题。答题依据在文章最后一段“will increase the children s chances of eventually being admitted to toprated schools and universities.”(这将增加他们将来进入重点中学和大学学习的机会。)因此，我们可以看出该题正确答案为D)They can have better chances of getting a firstrate education.(他们能有更多的机会接受一流的教育。)

C

20世纪60年代和70年代土壤和积雪中的铅沉积主要是美国含铅汽油排放造成的。从美国《净化空气法案》强制使用无铅汽油以来的二十年间，全世界的铅积累量已大大减少。

《自然界》杂志最近公布的一项调查表明，美国气体排放中的含铅气体是造成格陵兰雪中高浓度铅污染的主要原因。最近的这项调查是法国国家科学研究中心重金属对环境影响专家Charles Boutron博士领导的跟踪研究的结果。Boutron博士在1991年公布的一项调查表明，北极积雪中的铅含量正在下降。

Boutron博士在他新的调查中发现，美国使用的含铅汽油中的铅比例与欧洲国家、亚洲和加拿大的汽油中铅比例不同，因此科学家们能够区分铅的来源。在格陵兰雪中发现的主要铅比例与美国汽油中的比例相同。

Ambio杂志公布的一项调查说，科学家发现自从采用了无铅汽油以来，美国东北部土壤中铅含度明显下降。

众多科学家都认为，铅会在土壤和雪中存在较长时间。

Ambio杂志论文的作者们仔细研究了在1980年和1990年分别采自新英格兰、纽约和宾夕法尼亚30个林地相同地点的土壤表层的样本。森林环境对铅的吸收和再分布比科学家们预期的要快。科学家们说，这两个研究都表明，生态系统的某些方面对大气污染减少做出了很快的反应，但是这些研究结果不应当作污染的许可证。

解析要点

11.D概括题。文章第二段和第三段主要讨论了《自然界》上刊登的这份研究报告的内容。但是答题依据在第二段，该段第一句说到...aiborne leaded gas emissions from the United States were the leading contributor to the high concentration of lead in the snow in Greenland(……来自于美国的空中含铅废气是导致格陵兰积雪中高含铅的主要原因。)接着，在该段最后一句又说，A study by Dr.Boutron published in 1991 showed that lead levels in artic snow were declining.(Boutron博士1991年发表的研究报告表明北极的积雪含铅程度正在下降。)综合两句的内容，我们可以了解到格陵兰和北极的积雪实际上指的同一件事。也就是说，来自美国的含铅漂浮废气是导致北极(格陵兰)积雪含铅的主要因素。故可确定选项D)the US is the major source of lead pollution in artic snow(美国是北极积雪污染的主要来源)与文章的意思相符。

12.B词义理解题。该题实际上是一道词义理解题。根据第一段第二句话，In the twenty years that the Clean Air Act has mandated unleaded gas use in the United States，the lead accumulation worldwide has decreased significantly.(20年前美国《净化空气法案》开始要求使用无铅汽油，在这二十年期间世界范围的铅污染显著下降了。)句中的Act一词应该理解上为“法案”，理应属于法律的范畴。据此，我们可以确定B)(after the use of unleaded gas in the US) was enforced by law(当美国法律强制使用无铅汽油之后)与文章的意思相符，为该题答案。

13.D推断题。答题依据在文章第三段“his new study，Dr.Boutron found the ratios of the different forms of lead in the leaded gasoline used in the United States were different from the ratios of European，Asian，and Canadian gasolines and thus enabled scientists to differentiate the lead sources.”(Boutron博士在他新的调查中发现，美国使用的含铅汽油中的铅比例与欧洲国家、亚洲和加拿大的汽油中铅比例不同，因此科学家们能够区分铅的来源。)由此，我们可以推断，该结论的做出一定是基于科学家对这几个国家生产的汽油进行比较的基础上。据此，我们可以断定D)By comparing the chemical compositions of leaded gasoline used in various countries(通过比较有关各国含铅汽油的化学成分)为该题的正确答案。

14.A细节题。答题依据在文章第三部分(4—6段)，具体地说，在第6段第二句“ forest environment processed and redistributed the lead faster than the scientists had expected.(森林环境对铅的吸收和再分布比科学家们预期的要快。)据此，我们可以确定A)forests get rid of lead pollution faster than expected”(森林消除铅污染比人们预料的要快)为正确答案。

15.C推断题。文章最后一段说“们说，虽然这两项研究都表明了生态系统的某些方面对大气污染减少做出了很快的反应，但是这些研究成果不应该当作污染的许可证。”由此，我们可以推断，作者提醒公众不要过于乐观，仍须对污染保持警惕，也就是说，污染仍将是人类面临的问题。据此，我们可以推断C)still consider lead pollution a problem(认为铅污染仍然是一个问题)为该题答案。

D

运动是在长期保持体重方面有积极作用的少数几个因素之一。遗憾的是，普通美国人并不懂得这个道理，他们宁可尝试着改用“酒和低热面包，而不愿增加消耗体力的运动。例如：疾病控制中心发现不足四分之一的试图减肥的超重成年人说，他们正在把运动和饮食结合起来。

有些人拒绝运动可能是“消耗表”让他们过于失望；例如，为了消除一个丹麦风味的小甜饼产生的275卡热量，必须卖力地行走三英里。甚至有些运动专业人士也只承认上述方法有一定的道理。总统领导下的运动和体育委员会的项目指导York Onnen说，“身是一种非常辛苦的减肥办法”。

但是运动在减肥中的支撑作用是非常重要的。波士顿大学“官和超重公务员医疗中心”的一项调查确认那些不运动的人又恢复了原来的体重，而把运动纳入日常生活的人则保持了新的体重。

如果你一直很少运动而且决定开始每天走一英里，那么增加的运动量每天可多消耗掉100卡热量。一年下来，假如输入能量不再增加，你可以减少10镑。通过逐渐增加步行的距离并做出其他的饮食调整，你的体重甚至可以减少得更多。

16.B细节题。根据问题中的关键词“the average American”我们可以发现答案依据在文章第一段第二句话，Unfortunately，that message(指上一句话——运动是长期保持体重方面有积极作用的少数因素之一)“ not gotten through to the average American，who would rather try switching to “ht” beer and lowcalorie bread than increase physical exertion.”(遗憾的是，普通美国人并未懂得这个道理，他们宁可尝试着改喝“酒和低热面包而不愿增加消耗体力的运动。)据此，我们可以确定答案为B)They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight.(他们通常忽视运动在减肥上面的效果。)

17.A细节题。答题依据在文章第二段“rejecting exercise，some people may be discouraged too much by caloricexpenditure charts；for example，one would have to briskly walk three miles just to work off the 275 calories in one delicious Danish pastry.”(有些人拒绝运动可能是因为“消耗表”让他们过于失望；例如，为了抵消一个丹麦风味小甜饼产生的275卡热量，他们必须卖力地行走三英里。)由此可见，有些人不喜欢运动的原因是“耗大量体力”，从而使他们丧失了信心。为此，我们可以发现选项A)They think it is physically exhausting(他们认为运动需要消耗体力)与文章意思相符。

18.B语义理解题。首先，concede half a point在此意思为“方有一定的道理”。下文又引用了这些运动专业人士的话说“动来减肥实在太难了。”换句话说，他们认为，应该将“肥和运动减肥结合起来”。据此，我们可以确定B)(they) partially believe diet plays a supporting role in weight reduction(他们部分地认为食物减肥可以起到支持作用)与文中意思相符，为该题正确答案。

19.C推断题。答题依据在第三段“confirmed that those who dieted without exercise regained almost all their old weight，while those who worked exercise into their daily routine maintained their new weight.”(……确认那些不运动的人恢复了原来体重，而把运动纳入日常生活的人保持了新的体重。)据此，我们可以推断C)Weight reduction is impossible without exercise(不运动减肥是不可能的)为该题答案。

20.D观点题。纵观全文，作者论述了运动对于减肥的重要性，运动是减肥最有效的方法。故我们可以确定D)To show the most effective way to lose weight(表明最有效的减肥的方法)。选项A)虽与作者的观点并不冲突，但是在文章中波士顿大学研究中的报告只是作为一个证据来证明运动的效果而已。因此，不应将A)当作本题答案。

2005年6月真题解析

A

在北极国家野生动物保护区的地下究竟有没有足够的石油以确保美国未来的能源需求呢？布什总统认为肯定有。他最近声明说，开发北极国家野生动物保护我国的油源将有助于减轻加利福尼亚洲的电力紧张，且能强有力地促进国家的能源自主。但没有人确切地知道冰冻的土层之下有多少原油，基于上一次1998进行的政府调研，产量估计大约在30亿到160亿桶之间。

石油行业更愿意相信是这个范围的上限，这大概可以抵消美国5年油耗的10%。说客们宣称，在未来二三十年内，要是每天从保护区开采超过100万桶的原油，那么美国就可以降低从沙特阿拉伯到美国的几乎所有的原油进口。听起来是非常不错的。对于阿拉斯加及联邦政府而言，在国家税收、开采权限和租赁费用方面，进一场石油的兴旺无异于一笔可观的飞来横财。最可喜的是，开采石油的倡导者还说，这对于环境的损害是微不足道的。“不曾有一次记录是关于因石油开采而迫使鹿群逃离到积冰上的。”阿拉斯加州议员Scott Ogan说。

别太乐观了，环保人士提醒。倾向于政府估计的油量开采下限的国家资源保护委员会提出，在北极国家野生动物保护区的沿岸平原可能只有不超过32亿桶的可经济开采的原油，这对于缓解美国能源问题而言实际上不过是杯水车薪。此外，消费者还是等上十年八载才能获利，因为开采前有大量关于租赁许可、环境许可和常规监察的谈判要进行。至于说到北极国家野生动物保护区所产石油对加利福尼亚州电力危机的影响，环保人士指出，那只是给这个黄金州提供了1%的电力，供给全国的也只占3%而已。

解析要点

1.C细节题。第一段第三句布什发表声明认为，开发ANWR所得的石油将有助于减轻加利福尼亚州电力紧张，且能强有力地促进国家的能源自主，言外之意即可以降低石油进口，因此正确答案为C。

2.A推理题。第二段第一句提到石油行业对于预计的石油产量更愿意相信范围的上限，即相信石油高产量，因此正确答案为A。

3.B细节题。文章第三段第二句明确指出开采ANWR所得的石油would do ritually nothing to ease America s energy problems，所以正确答案为B。

4.C语义题。题目难度较本次考试的其他阅读试题高。该句位于第三段的开始部分，起着承上启下的作用。第二段强调了开发的益处，第三段文笔转折，强调了开发对于美国能源问题其实也不过是杯水车薪，所以正确答案为C。

5.A细节题。文章第二段强调了开发ANWR的益处，第三段则指出开发对于美国能源问题是杯水车薪。所以在开发ANWR这个问题上没有定论，所以选A。

B

“丫的。”“头蠢驴”。“拉出去毙了。”

在各种运动赛事中，这些不过是我们听见的普通评语。也许说出来的瞬间，它们可能实属无心之言。但我们不能瞒骗自我，因为我们都知道这些话都能最终导致流血事件。无数的著作都谈及言语如何影响我们，这也说明了有特定内涵的言语可能让我们表现出同常规认可的人性南辕北辙的行径。我把“这个字眼视作其中之一，兴许也已经到了要把这个字眼从运动中剔除的时候了。

“在字典中的意思为““和“你有利益冲突的人”。因此，当一个运动员遇见对手，他或她会倾向于把对手当成敌人。在这种情况下，胜利的念头主宰了理性；不管多么无耻的行为，都变得理直气壮。我记得有那么一回事，在一场手球比赛中，裁判拒绝了一个球员要求换手套的暂停请求，因为他不觉得那手套很湿。结果那个球员继而把手套在湿透的T恤上用力一擦，然后高声问：“湿了吧？”

对抗白热化的时候，常发现运动员们在球场中冲来冲去，并考虑如果撞倒别人会有什么样的后果。我也曾目睹一个运动员在比赛过程中，面对对手国际通行的犯规拦截，故意带球全力往对方身上撞。球场之外，他们却是好朋友。这是什么道理呢？这的确证明了球场态度和日常行为大相径庭。

因此，我相信也是时候让我们把球类比赛提升一个档次，到一个可以为其他运动项目做示范的水平。最理想的开始方式就是把“这个字眼换成“。

字典里面，“意味着““和“。想想这样的时刻吧！你也许很快就会看见，并极可能感受到你对于“和“两个字眼之间的差别对待。

解析要点

6.B主题题。文章的主题句在文章第二段第六句：有特定内涵的言语可能让我们表现出同常规认可的人性南辕北辙的行径，因此正确答案为B。

7.D推理题。难度较大，正确答案需要通过对原语文内容的反复推测才可以得到。文章里通过举例就是想告诉读者，在体育赛上，运动员已经把对手当成敌人了，因此正确答案为D项。

8.D细节题。答案见文章的第三段倒数第一句。

9.A细节题。文章第四段第二句举例谈到有球员使尽全力故意拿球砸曾对自己犯过规的对方球员。A描述与此同，故为正确答案。

10.C推理题。考查的是作者在文章中表露的思想。正确答案位于文章的倒数第二段最后一句：最理想的开始方式就是把“这个字眼换成“，显然正确答案为C项。

C

根据周五在国际消费协会发表的一份关于“签”的研究，消费者被各式各样的家用产品的环保主张搞得头昏眼花，不明就里。

这篇报告中有不少让人啼笑皆非的情况——一种德国的化肥说自己“无害”，一个品牌的面粉说是“产品”，还有款英国的厕纸宣称“更友善”。

这份报告是英国国家消费者委员会为了游说团体——国际消协而研究并撰写的，并得到了来自于德国、荷兰和欧盟的资助。

国际消协主任Anna Fielder提到：“多有益的、有用的主张被提出的同时，我们应该清楚，要保证购物者对他们所购买的产品带给环境的影响了如指掌还有很长一段路要走。”

一项针对10个国家的研究专门调查了英国、西欧、北欧和美国的产品包装，发现平均而言，德国和英国的产品有最多的环保声明。

这份报告聚焦在特殊产品，例如清洁剂、杀虫剂和一些园艺产品上，报告并没有去检验这些声明，反倒是把它们和1999年9月国际标准组织设定的标签指导方针相比较。

研究人员把大约2000种产品的环保友好声明进行备案，发现大多都含糊不清或指鹿为马，无法符合ISO的标准。

研究人员Philip Page说：“品都有特殊设计的标签，让它们看起来环保，但实际上大多毫无意义。”

他还说：“声明最多，有158个；家居清洁剂其次，有145个；而名单上第三名就是油漆，有73个。这样众多的数字告诉我们消费者想要辨清真伪会有多么困惑。”

ISO的标签标准禁止在产品包装上做含糊或误导的声明，因为类似“友好”和“”这类字眼难以核实。Page最后说：“努力推行让大型跨国企业符合ISO的标准。

解析要点

11.B推理题。正确答案为原文内容的延伸。第二段中指出了各种令人啼笑皆非的事实，但是列举这些事实只是为了说明第一段中指出的情况Consumers are being confused and misled(消费者被各式各样的环保主张搞得头昏眼花，不明就里)，因此正确答案为B。

12.D细节题。正确答案位于文章第四段。文中说要保证购买者了解所购买的产品对于环境的影响还有很长的一段路要走，言外之意就是现在购物者对此还不太了解。

13.C细节题。C选项是文章第六段第二句中compared them to labeling guidelines set by the ISO的同义转述，故为正确答案。

14.B推理题。文章倒数第二段最后一句指出众多的环保标签让消费者要想辨清真伪有多么困惑，所以正确答案为B项。

15.A细节题。A项为文章最后一句的同义转述，所以为正确答案。

D

在曼哈顿和费城的高楼大厦两小时路程以外的地方住着一些世界上最大的黑熊。它们居住在宾夕法尼亚州的波科诺山脉，那是它们和许多其他野生动物分享的家园。

在波科诺，溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉和树林浑然天成，不仅是黑熊的理想栖息地，同时也吸引了更多的人。于是，房地产开发规划威胁着野外空地的存在，高速公路的建设也危害着那些至关重要的栖息地。为了保护波科诺这片自然美景免遭不负责任的开发，大自然保护协会把这里命名为美国的“景”之一。

在宾夕法尼亚州朗庞德一个小村落的一所百年校舍中，大自然保护协会的Bud Cook正在百般努力，试图和当地居民以及商界领袖在经济发展和环境保护之间找到平衡点。通过和Francis Altemose建立合作关系，保护协会能在该地区保住1.4万多公顷的环保重地。

Altemose的家族已经在波科诺地区耕种数个世代。两年前，Francis和保护协会合作，把他的农场纳入当地的一个耕地保护计划。所以，他们家族的土地免遭开发之灾，而且Altemose家族也将更能为他们7岁的孙子提供一个稳健的财务未来。

Cook把协会在波科诺的成功归因于“人好办事”和“地居民的承诺”。

“些乐土的关键在于和当地社区联合起来，”Cook说，“民尊重那片土地。他们珍惜安静的树林、清澈的溪流和充盈的野生动物，他们会热切地尽力帮助协会工作。”

解析要点

16.B细节题。文章第二段最后一句提到命名“景”，该句的开头为to引导的目的状语从句，即本题的答案，的怪正确答案为B。

17.A细节题。文中第二段首句提到Poconos的attracted more people to the regio，与A项(该地区人口在增长)的意思相同，因此正确答案为A项。

18.C细节题。文章倒数第二段Cook谈到保护资源的关键在于地方的参与。第三段第一句也提到Cook试图和当地居民以及商界领袖在经济发展和环境保护之间找到平衡点，所以正确答案为C项。

19.D推理题。题目难度较本次考试的其他阅读试题高。have a local presence其实就是指在当地有实施的方案和措施，即指The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area.所以正确答案为D项。

20.C主题题。要求考生鉴别文章的体裁。从文章结尾处特别强调的电话号码和主页可以看出，这篇文章应该是一篇广告。

2006年1月真题解析

A

仅仅二十分之一英寸厚，诱人的金黄色，还有个非常完美的“”卷曲，百事食品公司出售的这些薯片看起来并不可能成为统治全球的武器。但是它们的制造商百事食品公司却不这么认为。该公司国际市场部的主管Salman Amin声称“全球共享的零食”，认为这个世界上还没有哪个地方可以抗拒百事薯片的魅力。

百事食品公司是百事集团旗下最大的零食生产商，集团30亿美金的年利润多一半来自该公司。但是美国零食业市场很大程度上已经饱和，为了寻求增长，公司必须放眼海外。

公司的决策基于以下两点：首先，一个全球化的产品可以带来规模经济，而这恰恰是本土品牌不能抗衡的。其次，21世纪的消费者容易被“”这一理念所吸引。“”并不意味着一定是“造”，而是消费者——特别是年轻人——心目中充满现代与创新的世界的一部分，大家跨越文化，分享着彼此的想法和口味。薯片是美国的产物，但是却很少有中国人知道百事食品公司是一家美国公司。公司的研发总监Riskey希望，他们可以借助全球化信息和商务交流来推广自己的品牌。

考虑到品牌认知是一个非常重要的因素，Riskey下令重新设计了公司的标识。公司的新标识，加上公司长期以来为薯片营造的“拒”的市场形象，将帮助公司拓展国际市场。

公司高层承认他在努力使这种美国制造的食物被全世界人们的饮食习惯所接受，但否认这是经济霸权主义。相反，他们认为百事食品公司正与世界各在分享着自由企业的好处。百事集团的总裁Steve Reinemund提到：“那些国家制造食品，我们还改进薯片的味道来迎合那些国家民众的口味；同时我们还在缔造商业机会和就业机会，改善一些人的生活”。

解析要点

1.D细节题。正确答案位于文章第一段的末尾“n believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a FritoLay potato chip.”意为“n认为这个世界上没有哪个地方可以抗拒百事食品公司的诱惑”。

2.D细节题。题目直接指出正确答案位于文章的第二段中。第二段的末句指出“ the U.S.snack food market is largely saturated，and to grow，the company has to look overseas.”意为“国的小吃零售业很大程度上已经饱和，为了寻求增长，公司必须放眼海外”。

3.A细节题。正确答案位于文章的第三段中。第三段指出“sumers in the 21st cantury are drawn to “bal”as a concept.”意为“纪的消费者容易被‘全球化’这一理念所吸引”。

4.B细节题。正确答案位于文章的第四段中。第四段指出“ logo，along with the company s longheld marketing image of the “esistibility”of its chips，would help facilitate the company s global expansion.”意为“新标识，加上公司长期以来为薯片营造的‘无法抗拒’的市场形象，将帮助公司拓展国际市场”。

5.C细节题。正确答案位于文章末段中。末段指出“re making products in those countries，we re adapting them to the tastes of those countries，building businesses and employing people and changing lives.”意为“那些国家制造食品，我们还改进薯片的味道来迎合那些国家民众的品味；同时我们还在缔造商业机会和就业机会，改善一些人的生活”。

B

在丹佛北部的一些社区中，民众都在努力帮助Vrain校区解决因为管理不善而导致的1380万美元的预算紧缺。一位学生家长说：“挺替老师和校长担心的，而且我们真的不希望他们因此而离开。只要我们能够帮助他们减轻财务负担，我们一定会去做的”。

教师们都非常感激，但是他们知道校区要恢复偿还能力还需时日。他们真心感谢这些家长的支持，但也明白仅仅依靠他们的援助是不可能解决问题的。

这座拥有22 000个学生的校区是在上个月发现财政赤字的。财务部的Mike Coffman说：“可思议了，因为没有人可以想像事情会这么严重”。

上个星期Coffman和校区的管理人员达成共识，决定紧急拨款980万美元，用于保证在节日前2 700名教职员工的工资的正常发放。

校区的管理人员还从38所学校的学生活动经费中抽出了170万美元。

在Coffman的要求之下，该区的律师已经开始调查该区的财务问题。Coffman说他想知道校区的官员们是否在11月的选举之前刻意隐瞒了财政赤字的问题。在11月的选举中，校区获得了高达2.12亿美元的债券。

在Frederick，学生的家长们已经开始购买教学用品，并且主动要求为新教和新校长们支付生活费用，以确保他们可以继续在教学岗位上工作下去。

除了已经从Safeway获得的36000美元的捐赠以外，一个雪佛兰的代理商也捐出了10 000美金，同时免去该校区因为租用培训驾驶员的专用车而欠下的1 075美元的欠款。IBM也捐出了4 500包纸。

“成千上万的人在这个社区工作，”一间医院的负责人Mitch Carson说，“下一代在这些学校就读，我们完全知道这样的事情对他们会有什么样的影响”。Mitch Carson还帮助校区筹集资金。

在Creek高中，三名学生制作了一个网站，在那里转载报纸文章、收集该区信息并设置电子邮件论坛。其中一个学生说：“个区的谣言正在飞速传播，我们希望人们能够了解真实情况，并且传播真实情况”。

解析要点

6.A细节题。正确答案位于文章的第一段中。第一段指出“as the Vrain School District tries to solve a 13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement...”由budget shortage可知A项正确。

7.C细节题。正确答案位于文章的第一段中。C项中的pooled their efforts是首段首句中pitching in的同义替换。

8.B细节题。正确答案位于第三段中。第三段指出“s extraordinary.Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level，”said State Treasurer Mike Coffman.故选B。

9.A细节题。正确答案位于文章的第六段中。由“fman says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the November election...”可知答案为A。

10.D细节题。正确答案位于文章的最后一段中。最后一段指出“ors about what s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed，”said a student.“wanted to know the truth，and spread that around instead.”

C

Hans Selye博士指出人们不能够再避免压力了，就如同他们不能够逃避食物、爱情和运动一样。Hans Selye博士是第一位记录压力对身体所构成的影响的内科医生。众所周知，尽管持续的压力对身体会构成损害，一些研究同样表明只要个人能够应变自如，不利的环境反而对身体有好处。

在一项2001年对158名护士进行的调查中，同样面对巨大工作压力，那些能应付压力的护士往往比那些认为不能完成工作的护士更可能认为自己身体状况良好。

如果你能应付压力，那还可以增进你的免疫力。在阿姆斯特丹的牙科学术中心的一项研究中，研究人员让被测试者参加了两组压力测试。第一组为计时测试，即先记忆一组名单然后简单测验记忆能力，被测试者都对结果有把握。而第二组被测试者需要看完一组记录外科手术的血腥镜头，他们就无法应对这种压力了。那些参加记忆测试的被测试者的免疫球蛋白A往往有明显增长。这种球蛋白是构成身体抵御外界病毒的第一道防线的抗体。相反，观看录像的被测试者的抗体有所下降。

压力促使身体分泌某些“尔蒙”。这种类型的荷尔蒙短时间大量爆发，往往会对身体产生积极的影响，例如改善记忆能力。纽约洛克菲勒大学的Bruce McEwen博士说“以帮助神经细胞处理信息，并且协助信息的存储”。但是如果长期处于身体中，这些荷尔蒙就会对身体和大脑构成危害。

“压力对你是有害的，只有压力的突然爆发或短期处于压力下才会对身体起保护作用。”位于伊利诺斯州的西北大学的研究员Richard Morimoto如果说。他长期致力于研究压力对寿命的影响。

解析要点

11.A主旨题。通读全文可以发现，文章的开篇指出压力对身体有好处，中间部分则详细分析了压力的利弊，指出特定 的情况下的压中国科学院才会对身体产生积极的作用，因此正确答案为A。

12.B词汇通。本题可以通过分析上下文语境来解答。上一句中提到人们不能够避免压力，就如同不能够shun食物和爱情一样，显然shun也应该是“的意思。

13.C细节题。正确答案位于文章的第三段中。第三段指出面对同等压力，能够应付压力的护士要比不能应付的身体状况好。由此可以推论，承受一定的压力对身体也是有好处的。

14.B细节题。正确答案位于文章的第三段中。由段尾的increase和downturn可知两组实验产生了不同的结果。本题问产生downturn的原因，因而只要明白increase的原因就容易解题了。文中有In the first，...subjects believed they had control over the outcome.In the second，they weren t in control...由此可知，B正确。

15.C细节题。正确答案位于文章末段中。Richard Morimoto指出“tained stress is not good for you，”“s the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.”由此得知，短期压力有利，长期有害，故选C。

D

如果你想教会你的小孩如何向别人说对不起，那么你自己必须会说，尤其是会对你自己的小孩说。但是，如何说，确实大有讲究。

如果你对你的小孩说“，我当时太生气了，但是……”。“之后说的话可以让道歉变得毫无意义。“我来说太糟糕了”、“发出的噪音我的头都大了”，类似于这样的话只会让已经被伤害的人再次感觉到在等待道歉的同时，他们应该就自己欠妥的行为表示歉意。

另外一种表面看似道歉但实则不然的方式就是说“了，对不起”。这句话表明你感觉自己有错，因为你让自己的情绪因受到别人的影响而变得不好了。

还有一种笼统的道歉方法，它可以避免谈及具体的伤人或侮辱人的言行，而这些言行是道歉人应该当面保证绝不再发生的。简单地说“不称职的父母”并不表明一个人会做任何改进。

这些伪装的道歉方法往往被那些认为道歉会暴露自己的弱点的人所使用。真正希望教会小孩子如何道歉的父母应该把道歉视为力量的象征，因而不再使用这些方法。

即使在父母已经举例阐述自己真心的忏悔以后，小孩子们依然需要大人的帮助来体会道歉的复杂。一个三岁的小孩儿需要大人的帮助，才会理解别的小孩儿也会和他一样感受到痛苦，进而知道用重重的玩具敲击同伴的头部是必须道歉的。一个六岁的小孩儿需要提醒才会知道破坏了其他小朋友的期待也是必须道歉的。一个十二岁的小孩儿需要大人们告知才会明白尽管不经过父母允许就拿饼干吃是可以的，但不经过父母允许就拿大人的衣服穿却是不可以的。

解析要点

16.D细节题。正确答案位于文章的第二段中。第二段末指出“feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology.”意为“等待道歉的同时，他们应该就自己欠妥的行为表示歉意”。故选D。

17.B细节题。通过题目中的“ sorry you re upset”定位到文章的第三段。该句后有“s suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.”意为“表明你感觉自己有错，因为你让自己的情绪因受到别人的影响而变得不好了”。故选B。

18.C细节题。通过题目中的“ general，allcovering apology”定位到文章的第四段。段尾讲道Saying “ useless as a parent”does not commit a person to any specific improvement.这是对笼统道歉语的举例，并指明这种道歉并不促使人做出任何改进，因而这种道歉是无效的。同时，由general和allcovering也能看出这种道歉是模糊的，因而本题选C。

19.B细节题。题目直接指出正确答案位于文章的最后一段。作者首先指出“ even when presented with examples of genuine contrition，children still need help to become a ware of the complexities of saying sorry.”even意为“，表让步关系，也就是说该段重点不是even这部分，而是之后的complexities。然后举了三个并列的事例，即一个三岁小孩儿、一个六岁小孩儿和一个十二岁小孩儿分别要对哪些行为道歉，所以选B。

20.D推理题。正确答案位于文章最后一段中。由该段首句的the complexities of saying sorry可推知D正确。

2006年6月真题解析

A

近年来，追求全球化职业生涯的兴趣正在大幅度上升，其原因在于许多企业长期缺乏人才，不得不跨越本土招贤纳士。

专业人才寻求在国外的工作经验有多种原因。他们可能觉得需要通过挑战重新为自己充电。他们也可能想得到一个拥有更多责任的职位，以提高自身的创造力和积极性。又或许，他们是想让孩子亲历异国文化，学习另一门语言。

当你申请一份工作时，通常都要提交一份简历或履历。这两样东西其实是相同的：一份1—2页纸的文件，描述了你的教育背景和工作经历。但是，简历的格式却总在变化。最好是选择符合该公司文化，符合该国家文化，并符合对你的简历有聘用决定权的人文化的东西。难题是需要在一份文件中融合两种或更多的文化。下面的条目都是不错的入手点。

不同国家对教育要求并不一致。几乎在所有跨国招聘的例子中，仅列出学位头衔并不完全符合描述的要求。要为读者提供详细的学习和相关经历。

请留意你使用的简历格式，按时间顺序还是逆时间顺序排列。按时间顺序排列意味首先列出最早的工作；按逆时间顺序排列意味着首列出你出在或最近的工作。大部分国家都会倾于接受其中一种格式。如果你找不到特定的指导方针，最好采用逆时间顺序。

如果你提交的是英文简历，请确认收件人使用的英式英语还是美式英语，因为这两种语言存在差异。例如，大学教育在英国常被说为“教育”，但在美国几乎从不使用这个术语。不熟悉这些的读者可能会认为你的简历里有错误。

解析要点

1.D细节题。答题依据在第一段：chronic personnel shorlages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders from talent”长期的人力资源短缺迫使公司在境外寻求人才”，故选C。

2.D推理题。答题依据在第二段。文中指出人们因为各种原因而选择到境外工作，并列举了其中三个原因：希望可以充电，希望可以承担更大的责任，希望孩子可以获得学习外语的语言环境。由此可见，人们选择出国工作无非是为了自己或孩子。

3.A细节题。答题依据在第三段：The best advice is find out what is appropriate regarding the corporate culture，the country culture，and the culture of the person making the hiring decision”最好是选择符合该公司文化，符合该国家文化，并符合对你的简历有聘用决定权的人文化的东西”，故选A。

4.C细节题。答题依据在第四段：Provid the readers with details about your study and any related experience “者提供详细的学习和相关经历”，故选C。

5.B推理题。答题依据第五段。文章最后指出：A reader who is unfamiliar with these variations may assume that your resume contains errors“不了解这些英文的变体，就可能会认为你的简历里有错误”，可见在制作简历的过程中，申请人应该考虑到这些语言的变体，故选B。

B

在发展中国家，对女孩教育的投资要能会比其他投资带来的回报率更高。妇女教育对于经济学家来说可能并不是个熟悉的领域，但实际上，提高妇女对经济的贡献既是经济学问题，也是社会问题。而且强调激励的经济有助于解释为什么有这么多女孩被剥夺了受教育的权利。

在低收入国家里，父母不愿意投资女儿的教育，因为他们并不期望女儿为家庭带来的经济收入：女儿长大后只能嫁到别人家生儿育女。因此，女孩的价值比不上男孩子。当他们的兄弟去上学时，她们只好留在家里做家务——预言成为现实，女性陷于被忽略的恶性循环之中。

另一方面，受过教育的母亲拥有更强的挣钱能力和完全不同的选择。她们的小孩数量少但更健康，她们能够帮助孩子们成长，并保证自己的女儿可以得到公平的机会。女儿所受到的良好教育又能使下一代女孩，也包括男孩，受到良好的教育，健康成长。恶性循环因此转化为良性循。

很少会再有人质疑妇女教育对社会的好处。而且这种现象也将产生巨大的经济效益。最显而易见的是教育对女工工资收入的直接影响。每增加一年的学校教育，收入上升10%—20%。以其他可得到收益的标准衡量，如此巨大的回报让人印象深刻，但这仅是开端。妇女教育对健康和计划生育方面也有着深刻的影响。

解析要点

6.C推理题。答题依据在第一段：Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment avaiable in the developing world”在发展中国家，对女孩子教育投资的回报率超过其他任何投资”，故选C。

7.A推理题。本题的难度较高。文中先指出Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys“孩往往被认为不如男孩有价值”，然后又指出恶性循环使得这样的看法成为了现实，故选A。

8.B推理题。文章第三段结尾指出The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle“恶性循环变成了良性循环”，因此答案应在此句之前。提炼第三段的内容可知，这一转变的前提条件是妇女得到同等的受教育权利，故选B。

9.C细节题。答题依据在第一段：Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investiment available in the develping world“中国家，对女孩子教育投资的回报率超过其他任何投资”，故选C。

10.D主旨题。本题需要综合考虑全文的内容。文章最后两段列举了女性接受教育的种种好处和可能带来的利益，因此正确答案是D。

C

在偷来的车上加速行驶，窃贼心想已经得手了。但实际上，等待他的却是令人讨厌的意外。车上安装了遥控锁止器，千里之外的控制中心会发出无线信号，确保盗贼一旦熄掉引擎，便无法再次启动。

原理是这样的：安装在车上的控制盒带有微型无线电话、微型处理器和记忆器，及全球定位系统卫星定位接收器。一旦汽车被盗，编码无线电话信号会通知中央控制器锁住车辆发动机控制系统并阻止发动机重新启动。

在英国，一系列技术装置的出现使盗贼的营生日益艰难。安全专家Marty Randall说：“罪的模式已经改变了。”他表示只要花几分钟就可以教会别人如何利用尽可能少的工具偷车，但只适用于10年前的汽车。

要偷现在的车就更难了，因为现在的车只有在其控制发动机的电脑接收到点火钥匙发送的特制身份密码后才能够启动，在英国，类似技术使得车辆犯罪数量自1997年至今下降了31%。

如果车辆行驶超过100米仍未确定司机的身份，系统会向控制中心发出信号，指示车已被盗。100米的范围可以避免因全球定位信号的误差而造成的虚假报警。

解析要点

10.C细节题。答题依据在第一段The car is fitted with a remote immobilizers，and a radio signal from a control centre miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off，he will not be able to start it again“安装了遥控锁止器，无线电信号可以确保小偷一旦熄掉引擎就无法再启动”，故选C。

11.B推理题。答题依据在第三段：He says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a person how to steal a car，using a bare minimum of tools.But only if the car is more than 10 years old“只要花几分钟就可以教会别人如何利用尽可能少的工具偷车，但只适用于10年前的汽车”，可见用老方法偷现代的新车已经不管用了，故选B。

12.A细节题。答题依据在第四段：Modern cars are far toughter to steal，as their engine management computer won t allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition key“车往往更难被盗，因为监控发动机的计算机确保汽车只有在接到由打火钥匙发出的特制身份密码后才可以被启动”，故选A。

13.D细节题。答案依据在第六段：The hundred meters minimum avoids false alarms due to inaccuracies in the GPS signal，显然目睥在于防止GPS系统发出的错误信号，因此正确答案是D。

14.B细节题。答题依据在第七段：Staff at the centre will then contact the owner to confirm that the car really is missing“工作人员会立即联系车主以确认汽车是否被盗”，故选B。

D

研究大龄父母的精神病专家指出成熟于利于孩子的抚养。大龄父母往往更有思想，更少使用体罚，而花更多时间与孩子们在一起。但是抚养小孩要耗费财力和精力。许多大龄父母都发觉不得不在自己有限的收入、衰减的精力、不济的健康情况与孩子日益成长的需求之间寻找平衡。死亡和离开年轻的子女很可能是大龄父母最不愿意提及的恐惧。经济学教授认为，晚育对于大龄父母，尤其是父亲通常意味着“时间大大推迟”。对大多数人来说，退休变成了遥不可及的梦想。

Henry Metcalf是一名54岁的记者，他觉得要花不少钱才能抚养孩子。但是他也担心更早耗尽的会是自己的精力。当然，他仍然可以凭借自己五级田径运动员的身手骑自行车，但他明白心态的年轻并不等同于真正的年轻。最近他还要通过午睡来维持精力。“体正在老化，”Metcalf说，“摆脱这个事实。”

大龄父母经常能听到另一种生物钟行走的滴答声。研究中龄和大龄父母的临床医学家认为对衰老的恐惧并不可笑。一位来自纽约的心理学家，Joann Galst说：“心自己会被误 认为爷爷奶奶，或者在老人院里需要别人帮忙从小凳子上站起来。”但这些细小的恐惧背后是更为巨大的恐惧：“寿命不足以支持和保护他们的孩子。”

许多晚婚的父母都说他们的孩子来得正是时候。Marilyn和她的丈夫Randy是一对晚婚夫妇，经过多年受孕治疗后，拥有了一对双胞胎。Marilyn在55岁时才生孩子，她说：“想要孩子。”这对双胞胎满足了他们多年的渴望：“感觉”。

拥有大龄父母的孩子往往更聪明，更快乐，更具有社会意识，因为他们的父亲会更多地参与他们的生活。Silber医生说：“龄越大，越成熟，也就越适合和专注于父亲的角色。”

解析要点

16.B细节题。答题依据在第一段：oder parents are more thoughtful，use less physical discipline and spend more time with their children“母往往更有思想，更少使用体罚，而花更多时间与孩子们在一起”，所以正确答案是B。

17.D推理题。答题依据在第一段。文中指出抚养小孩子意味着繁重的工作，很多人因此而“退休”。这里所谓的“退休”是指很多人在退休以后依然无法休息，因为要抚养小孩子。

18.C推理题。答题依据在文章第二段。文中指出Henry Metcalf尽管身体还很好，却依然要午睡。作者用这个便子来说明很多年纪大的父母不得不注意自己身体的老化，故选C。

19.A细节题。答题依据在第三段：But at the core of those little fears there is often a much bigger one：“t they won t be alive long enough to support and protect their child，”可见，他们最担心的是自己活不长，无法照顾和保护自己的孩子，故选A。

20.C细节题。答题依据在第四段：The twins have given the couple what they desired for years，“ense of family.”可见，孩子的出生给了这对夫妇家的感觉，所以正确答案是C。

2006年12月真题解析

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

本文讲述的是在目前的美国社会中，人们普遍缺乏情绪能量的问题。文中以Laura Hillenbrand 为例说明了情绪能量对于成功的重要性，并给出了六种提升情绪能量的方法。

1.N定位到文章首段的第一句话： “ere s an energy crisis in America， and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels.” 此句明确指出 energy crisis 与fossil fuels 并无关系，因此题干表述错误。

2.N 根据题干中的lack physical energy 定位到文章中的前两段的内容。从“ it s not physical energy that most of us lack”及“t you re seeking is not physical energy. It s emotional energy.”这两句话可以看出题干的表述是错误的。

3.Y 根据人名Laura Hillenbrand定位到文章的第三段。题干中的emotional energy can contribute to one s success 与文中的It was emotional energy that helped her succeed.相对应。

4.N 定位到文章的第四段。题干中的emotional energy is inherited and genetically determined 与文中的emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with genes相矛盾。

5.Y 定位到文中第一个小标题“ something new”下的内容。该部分第三段最后一句You ll discover these small things add to your emotional energy 更是与题干的表述紧密对应。

6.Y定位到文中第二个小标题“laim life s meaning ”下的内容。该部分第二段末两句：She started a program that shows Wall Streeters how to donate time and money to poor children. In the process， Ivy filled her life with meaning.与题干的表述是一致的。

7.NG 根据题干中的realestate broker 定位到文中第三个小标题“t yourself in the fun zone”下的内容。文中只是说：A realestate broker keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the house she shows to clients，并没有提到realestate broker在home redecoration 方面是否talent。

8.move forward 根据题干中的sad memories of the past 定位到文中第四个小标题“d farewell to guilt and regret”下的内容。find it difficult to move forward 与 keep us from moving forward 是同义转述。

9.looking back 根据题干中的 decisionmaking 定位到文中第五个小标题“ke up your mind”下的内容。直接对应：Quit thinking that you have to make the right decision； instead， make a choice and don t look back. 。题干中的without 取代了文中的don t　，因此，空中应填looking back。

10.the more you get back定位到文中第六个小标题“ve to get ”下的第一段内容。题干是将文中的The more you give， the more you get back和This is the difference between emotional and physical energy两句话综合到一起的。A

解析要点

1Oprimarily根据下文“bands and children do some of the jobs，”可以分析出此处要表达的意思为家务活主要由女性来做，所以选O。

2Kvoluntary此处缺一个形容“k”的词，根据提供的单词以及和现实生活情况的结合，我们知道此处应填“untary”.故选K。

3Gsituation此空前的句子所表述的是一种社会状况，作为该句的同位语，在空白处填“uation”最为合适，所以选G。

4Jgap此句由“hough”开始，很明显上半句和下半句有转折关系，根据下半句的内容我们基本可以知道上半句要表达的是男女工资的差距，故选J。

5Cgenerate此处缺少一个修饰“ income”的词，根据文章的意思我们可以知道此处要表达的是所得的，产生的，所以选C。

6Npurchase此处缺少一个谓语，根据下文句子的提示我们可以知道此处所指的是购买汽车，所以应该选N。

7Minsulted根据“引导的句子我们可以理解出经销商轻视女性的购买力，有一定的侮辱的成份，所以选M。

8Ipotential此处应填一个形容“tomers”的词，结合文章讲述的社会情况的变化，我们知道女性购买能力有所增加，所以选I。

9Hreally此处所缺的词为修饰“”的副词，根据上文分析女性是潜在的购买者，所以此处应填H。

10Dextreme“ Japanese society is still very much maleoriented”与“ first to pay attention to women customers”构成鲜明对比，故选D。

B

Passage One

Iceberg Water在北美的受欢迎度一再创出新高，它采集自加拿大纽芬兰沿岸的冰山。

被誉为“”的Arthur von Wiesenberger是北美少有的几位水评论家之一。他的孩提时代是在意大利、法国以及瑞士的一些大城市度过的，这些城市每天都消费瓶装水。从那时起，他就坚持记有关水的日志，记录那些他最喜欢的瓶装水品牌。“狗都能分出瓶装水和自来水，”他说。

是不是普通自来水都那么不好呢？根本不是。事实上，纽约的城市用水在过去的一个多纪世以来一直被称为香槟式自来水，且就在不久前还被认为是全世界最美味最纯净的水。同样，英国的一本杂志发现，来自泰晤士河的自来水比其他好几种著名品牌的瓶装水都好喝，而这些瓶装水的价格却比自来水高出400倍。

然而，软饮料公司却视瓶装水为抢夺市场份额的新战场——尽管事实上超过四分之一的瓶装水来自于自来水：百事可乐公司的Aquafina和可口可乐公司的Dasani都是经过净化的自来水而不是泉水。

用餐者追求的是名牌，而瓶装水公司和餐厅老板垂涎的却是利润。餐厅里酒的加成一般是100%到500%。而瓶装水的加成却通常高达300%到500%。但是由于水终归比酒便宜得多，而且许多价格昂贵的名牌瓶装水又不在商店里出售，所以用餐者多半不会注意或不会在乎这些瓶装水的价格。

因此，一些餐厅就想方设法卖给顾客瓶装水。根据《华尔街日报》上的一篇文章，一些不道德的推销手段包括：将漂亮的瓶子放在餐桌上，通过视觉效应引起顾客的购买欲，将水的牌子写在菜单上却不注明价格，甚至不问用餐者是否想要就直接将瓶装水给顾客倒上等等。

不管其售卖手段如何，瓶装水的流行都顺应了我们对健康的渴望，对品味的追求，乃至对已逝纯洁的希冀。

11C细节题。答题依据是第一段和第三段的第一句“ is plain tap water all that bad？”第一段讲的是“berg water”在北美十分流行，而第三段的第一句则问的是“是不是都那么差”，很显然“bery water”不是自来水而是一种瓶装水，故选C。

12B细节题。答题依据为第二段的第一句“hur von wiesenberger...water critics in North America”.我们可以根据该句得出结论von wiesenberger对水很有研究，他认为瓶装水比自来水好，“能分辩”只是他形容区分哪种水更好很简单的一种表达方法，所以选B。

13D细节题。答题依据为第四段的最后一句“ since water...don t notice or care.”根据句子的描述我们可以得知“cier brands”在此处是指更加昂贵的品牌水，故选D。

14A细节题。答题依据为第一段的第一句“a result...sell bottled water.”看完该句我们很容易根据“a result”得出结论——原因就是上一段述叙的“tles and restaurateurs salivate over the profits”，故选A。

15B细节题。答题依据为文章的最后一段“ardless of how it s...for lost purity”.综合A，B，C，D四个选项，只有B选项是文中所提到的瓶装水受欢迎的原因，故选B。

Passage Two

正如我们所见，当今社会医疗保健的关注重点正从治愈疾病转向预防疾病——尤其是在改变我们的许多不健康行为方面，如不良饮食习惯、吸烟以及不做运动等。我们还可以进一步追踪一下这种转变背后的思想其实还可以走得更远一些。设想这样一个人：体重适中，但吃的不是很有营养；自我感觉还行，但只是偶尔运动；每天上班，但工作并不出色；晚上在家常常喝上几杯啤酒，但从不酒后驾车；他从不胸痛，血常规也没问题，但却嗜睡并经常感觉疲惫。这个人没病，甚至将来也不会得什么病。但是可以想象，这个人完全可以更健康。

传统医学对仅仅是“的人和身体很好、能注意到身体特殊需求的人并未加以区分，而是把以上两种情形都简单地称为“”。然而近年来，一些卫生专家开始只将“l”和“lness”两个词用来指那些积极努力保持并改善自身健康状况的人。健康的人注重营养和运动，他们强调监测身体状况的重要性。最重要的也许是，健康的人对与自身健康有关的所有事都积极负责。从这种新的意义上说，即使有生理疾患或缺陷的人也可以是“”，只要他们面对自身局限却尽全力维持最佳的健康状况。也许，我们最好不要把“看成是一种人们可以达到的状态，而应将其视为是一种人们可以努力追求的理想。健康的人可以更好地抵抗疾病，生病时可以更好地与疾病作斗争。通过关注健康的生活方式，健康这一理念可以对人们应对日常挑战产生有益的影响。

16C细节题。答题依据是第一段的第一句“we have...failure to ecercise.”根据该句的信息我们可以得知医疗保健的焦点已经从治疗疾病转移到了预防疾病上。特别是改掉人们的不良生活习惯，所以选C。

17A细节题。答题依据是第一段的最后一句“ we can...a lot healthier.”此句之前有一连串的排比句和两句短述，都是为了证明一个观点，不生病不一定代表健康。所以分析可以得出结论作者想提醒人们——健康不仅仅是不生病，故选A。

18D细节题。答题依据为第二段的第一句“ field of medicine...body s special needs”和第二句“h types have simply been called well”。根第二句可得知第一句中所述的两种情况都被传统医学称作“l”，总结起来即不生病就被称为“l”，所以选D。

19B细节题。答题依据为文章的倒数第三句“lness水岭 may...can strive for.”该句表明“lness”应被视为一种人们为之努力的理想，纵观四个选项，B选项最符合作者所要表达的意思，所以正确答案为B。

20C细节题。答题依据为文章的倒数第四句“n people who have...their physical limitations.”该句表达作者的观点是只要正确地对待，即使有生理疾病或缺陷也可以是健康的，C选项与题意相符，故C为正确答案。

2007年6月真题解析

解析要点

Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)

本文讲述了互联网求职的安全性问题。当今利用网络求职已经非常普遍，但同时也会给求职者带来一些潜在的问题。文章中讲述的便是“窃（Identity Theft）” 这一问题及其影响，以及用六个小标题分别提出了六点建议。

1.Y 根据题干中的人名Robert Ellis Smith及identity theft 定位到文章中的第三段，可直接对应文章内容。

2.Y 根据题干中的financial loss 及restore reputation 两组关键词对应文章第四段。

3.N 定位到文章第三段第一句话：“ntity theft is an absolute epidemic， states Robert Ellis Smith， a respected author and advocate of privacy.”。题干中的minor offence 及harm is overestimated内容与其相矛盾。

4.Y 定位到文中第一个小标题 “ck for a privacy policy ”下的第二段内容，直接对应“ won t necessarily want your resume to remain out there on the Internet once you land a job.”

5.NG定位到文中第二个小标题“ke advantage of site features ” 下的内容。该建议包括三项内容，即“ndard posting， anonymous posting， private posting”，题干中说“ third one is apparently most strongly recommended.”在文中并没有提到。

6.N定位到文中第六个小标题“ep confidential information confidential” 下的内容。从该段的前两句可以看出：“nest employers do not need your social security， driver s license， and bank account numbers or other personal information”。题干中的submit very personal information 与文中陈述相矛盾。

7.Y 根据题干中的generic names及 current employers定位到文中第三个小标题“eguard your identity”下的第一、第二段内容。网上求职不要用真名，用generic name。

8.unwelcome emails定位到文中第四个小标题“ablish and email address for your search”下的第二段内容，直接对应“ng an email address specifically for you job search also eliminates the possibility that you will receive unwelcome emails in your primary mailbox.”

9.names and contact information 根据题干中的protect your references 定位到文中的第五个小标题下的内容。

10.economic gains 定位到文章首段的最后一句话：“， typically for economic gains.”

Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)

A

1Lcomplaimed此处缺乏谓语，根据后半句的时态，综合考虑选择L。

2Gseriously根据下句的陈述。我们可以得知文章所要表达的意思为“来越受到人们的重视”。所以选择G。

3Idetermingin后的成分表示在某一范围之内，血压、体温等是与人的健康直接相关的因素。因此疼痛被认为是和血压等同样重要的标识，是指在决定人的健康方面，所以选I。

4Drange根据“m...to”的搭配我们可以很轻易地知道此处选D。

5Ospecialize根据“t s why”我们可以知道越来越多的医院依赖的医生是上文所提的研究疼痛类的医生，所以选O。

6Fissues此处所填单词与“ression”是并列的，因此填一个名词，根据修饰语“chological and social”我们可以知道应选F。

7Binvolves我们知道“h comprehensive therapy”指的是前面提的疗法，从而可以，此处表达的是“有关，”故选B。

8Mrespect此句为对上文内容下的一个小定论，我们不难看出他所说的是在某一方面，故选M。

9Jlimited此处所填单词是用来形容“ber”的，结合后半句的内容我们可以此处应填J。

10Csignificant根据下文中的“ziness and fatisue”我们可以确定此处填C。

B

Passage One

我一生中的大多数时间，一直花在写作上。《独立写作》一书，使我认识到了一个差异和一种做法。这些对我的写作过程很有帮助。所谓差异，就是创造性思维与批判性思维之间的差异。尽管人们可以利用两种思维，获得某种结果，但是，无论我们的愿望如何，这两种思维方式是不能同时发挥作用的。

过早进行批判性写作，可能是我们大多数人写作中的一个最大的障碍。假设，一边听五年级的英语老师纠正你的语法错误，一边又要极力保持住思想的火花，这种火花会熄灭。如果你抓住了这一火花，尔后未经加工，就与世人分享，可能就无人会理解。写作是思维的工具。如果你想做到这一点，就必须先创造，再批判。

写作时，努力做一个编辑所做的事，这是人们养成的一个坏习惯。Elbow所说的“作”能改掉这个习惯。自由写作的目的，就是把想说的话，不间断地写到纸上。通常连续写十五到二十分钟。不停顿，不回头，不评析。目标就是要下笔流畅。随着作者顺畅地写出词句，他的观点就会表达出来，就会出现在便条或屏幕上。

有了可以开始写作的素材，运用创造性思维，人们常接受指导，坐在一旁，静静观看很可能，人们会认为花不起这么多的时间。最后，人们茫然盯着稿纸，而规定的期限越来越近。

不要只盯着稿纸。相反，在上面写满字，不管措辞多么不当。写到一半，停一下，把粗糙的材料写成接近成品的东西。利用剩余的时间，反复检查，最终的作品很可能会比你现在的好得多。

11D词汇题。本题考查的知识点是对单词“allel”的理解，该词的意思为“，并行的”，此处“ not work in parallel”意思为不能同时进行，所以选择D。

12B细节题。答题依据为第三段的第一句“past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write...”根据此句我们可以很清楚地知道此题的答案为B。

13C细节题。答题的依据在文章的第三段第二句“free writing，the objective is to get wordc down...”选项C与该句的意思相吻合，而A，B，D都与题意不符，因此C为正确答案。

14D细节题。答题的依据在文章的第四段，要找出问题的正确答案必须把第四段的内容理解透，从该段的最后一句“t likely，you will believe that this will take more time than...”我们不难分析出选项D最符合题目的意思。

15A细节题。答题的依据在文章最后一段的最后一句“and the final result will most likely be far better than your current pratices”.结合文章的内容和本题的题目，我们可以将B，C，D项先后排除，答案选A。

Passage Two

我不想再谈做一个女科学家这样的事。曾经有人总是问我，在一个由男人主宰的领域里工作，会是什么样？这些事我向来都说不好，因为，说真的，我看病没有什么意思。我真正认为有意思的是，宇宙的起源、时空的形式和黑洞的本质。

我十九岁时开始学天体物理学。那时我是班上唯一的女性，但这对我来说，根本不是问题。不过，到了我在麻省理工学院获得博士学位，做博士后进行太空研究，这一问题就开始凸现了。我的每一项成果—工作、论文、奖励，都是被透过性别的有色眼镜来看的。我的失败也是如此。有时，当我出于无奈，加入到左脑和右脑、本性和教育之间的关系的讨论时，我会立刻为我，为所有的女性而全力以赴。

就在几天前，我嘴里说出了一句话，这句话最终可以回答一切挑衅：我已不再谈论那一点了。我花了十年时间，才找回我在十九岁时就拥有的自信，才译时到我不想再涉及性别问题了。为何要让现代性别歧视成为女科学家的又一沉重负担呢？毕竟，我学的不是社会学和政治理论。

现在，我在纽约的一所女子大学，巴纳德，从事科研和教学工作。最近，有人问我，我班四十五个学生中，有多少是女性？我的答案是：四十五。人们无法想象，我作此回答是的满足感。我知道，有些学生担心，女性如何能既搞研究，又实现照顾孩子的愿望。我本身也关心这些事。然而，我并向跟她们讲这些棘手的问题。相反，我和她们谈，她们的物理教授，身怀六甲，还在做实验。而她们则反过来，让我看到了她们都热爱科学。这一现象值得探讨。

16D细节题。答题依据是文章第一段的最后一句“t I do find interesting is...the shape of spacetime and the natural of balck holes”.我们可以根据该句得知作者对研究太空知识更感兴趣，认为对太空的研究比其它的更重要，故选D。

17A细节题。答题依据为第二段的第三句和第四句“every achievement...the lens of gender politics.so were my failures”.作者所有的成就都被人们分性别地对待，她的失败也是如此。所以本题答案是人们将把她的失败归因于她是位女性这一事实，因此选A。

18C细节题。答题依据为第二段的最后一句“etimes when...instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and womonkind”.根据句子的陈述我们可以得知作者是为了自己的利益以及所有女同胞而进行激烈斗争的。C选项中所说的“人们对女性科学的旧观念作斗争”与题意相符，故选C。

19D细节题。答题依据为第四段的第二句和第三句“ently...my satisfaction at being able to answer，45.”她的班级有45个学生，这45个学生全部都是女性，这证明“学的女学生比以前多了。”而并非A，B，C表达的“不需要再担心性别问题了”“的表现已经让她找回了自信”以及“学生能和男学生做得同样出色”。所以选D。

20C细节题。答题依据为全文的倒数第三句“tead，I have given...heavily pregnant doing physics experiments.”根据句子我们可以进行简单的分析，怀了孩子证明她没有影响家庭生活，做实验证明她在正常工作，综合分析我们不难看出正确答案为C。