Diplomatic law is a field of international law concerning the practice of diplomacy， and the rights and obligations of state representatives on the territory of other states. The broad corpus of diplomatic law derives from one of the oldest principles of customary international law， that of state immunity and sovereign immunity.
International humanitarian law （ law of war） is a field of international law regulating armed conflict between states， and more recently， between states and informal groups and individuals. International humanitarian law governs both the legality of justifications for war （ jus ad bellum， or when states can resort to war） and the legality of wartime conduct （ jus in bello， or how states must behave themselves during war） .
International human rights law is a system of laws，domestic， regional and international， designed to promote human rights. Human rights law is made up of various international human rights instruments which are binding to its parties （ nationstates that have ratified the treaty） . In addition to international human rights law， human rights law has been created on a regional level. The three regional human rights instrument that form binding human rights law to party states are： African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights， American Convention on Human Rights （ the Americas） and European Convention on Human Rights. Human rights law is related to， but not the same as International Humanitarian Law and Refugee Law. War crimes， crimes against humanity and genocide have their own treaty law.
Subjects of international law
Traditionally， states were the main subject of international law.Increasingly， individuals and non-state international organizations have also become subjects to international regulation.
International organizations play increasingly important role in the relationships between nations. An international organization is one that created by international agreement or which has membership consisting primary of nations. To vitalize the status of international organization of which United States is a member and facilitate their activities Congress has enacted the International Organization Immunities Act， which among other provisions defines the capacity of such organizations.
The United Nations， the most influential among international organizations， was created on June 26， 1945. The declared purposes of United Nations are to maintain peace and security， to develop friendly relations among nations， to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems， and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of the nations and attaining their common ends. The Charter of the United Nations has been adhered to by virtually all states. Even the few remaining non-member states have acquiesced in the principles it established. The International Court of Justice is established by the UN Charter as its principal judicial organ.
Enforcement of international law
The law of nations is a part of the law of the United States unless there is some statute or treaty to the contrary. International law is a part of the law of the United States only for the application of its principles on questions of international rights and duties. It does not restrict the United States or any other nation from making laws governing its own territory. A State of the United States is not a“state”under international law， since the Constitution does not vest it with a capacity to conduct foreign relations.
International law imposes upon the nations certain duties with respect to individuals. It is a violation of international law to treatan alien in a manner which does notsatisfy the international standard of justice. However， in the absence of a specific agreement an individual cannot bring the complaint. Only the state of which he is a national can complain of such a violation before an international tribunal. The state of nationality usually is not obligated to exercise this right and can decide whether to enforce it.
controversy / k ntr vsi/n. 争论，争议
implicate / implikeit/vt.纠缠（使绕住，暗示）
substantial /s b st n l /adj.大量的，实质上的
delict / di likt/n.轻罪；不法行为； [经]侵权行为
remedy / remidi/n.补救；补偿vt.治疗，补救，矫正
incorporate /in kp reit/vt.合并，组成公司
peremptory /p rempt ri /adj.专横的，不容反抗的
derogation / dergein/n.毁损，减损，堕落
invoke /in v uk/vt.援引（法规、条文等） ； （作为根据）提出
tribunal /tri bju nl /n.法官席，法院，法庭
vest /vest/vt.授权，给予
acquiesce /kwi es/vi.默许，勉强同意
i nternati onall aw国际（公）法
publ i c i nternati onall aw国际公法
pri vate i nternati onall aw国际私法
substanti ve l aw实体法
custom ary l aw习惯法
conventi onali nternati onall aw习惯国际法
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties《维也纳条约法公约》
i n respect to涉及（关于）
Charter of the United Nations《联合国宪章》
perem ptory norm强制规范
i nternati onaltri bunal国际法庭
I nternati onalCourtof Justi ce国际法院
1. nternational law （国际法） ： International law is the term commonly used for referring o the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in dherence to recognized values and standards. It differs from other legal systems in that it primarily concerns states rather than private citizens. However， the term“international law”can refer to three distinct legal disciplines： public international law， private international law and supranational law.
2.ublic international law （国际公法） ： Public international law concerns the structureand conduct of sovereign states and intergovernmental organizations. Public international law should not be confused with“private international law”， which is concerned with the resolution of conflict of laws.
