TheChineseglossesfoundinourtextsalwayslookdifferentibletodeterminetheoriginalChinesesoundswithoutconsultinghowtheyaxerepresentedinothernon-Chinesetexts.
Accordingtothetextbooks，MiddleChinesehassixclosedfinals：threeRusheng人声stops[-p，-t，-k]，andthreeYangsheng阳声nasals[-m，-n，-JQ]-TheRushengfinalswerelostbytheYuanperiod.AmongtheYangshengfinals，[-m]mergedWith[-n]bytheMingperiod；the[-n]and[-ng]remainedunchangedThesearecommonlyacceptedtransformations.ThethreeRushengandthreeYangshengsoundsarevoicelessandvoicedcounterpartsofbilabials，alveolar，andvelars.Thesesixconsonantsaredifferentintheinitialandfinalpositions-Theonsetsofthesixfinalconsonantsarevowels，andtheyarenotplosiveastheyareintheinitialposition-Theterm”stop”firsttheRusheng[-p，-1，-k]finalsperfectly，andtheBaopoyin爆破音(plosive)firsttheirinitial[p-，t-，k-]pairs.Therefore，thenatureanddirectionalityofthechangesarealsodifferent-IntheTimelyPearl，aTangutChineseGlossarywrittenin1190，theRushengfinals[-p，-t广k]werealreadylostintheNorthwesterndialect(Gong)-BycomparingtheChineseglossesinSogdian，Tibetan，KhotanesefOrkhonTurkicandUygurtexts，wehavefoundtwoidenticalfeaturesarecommontothoseunrelatedlanguages.TheycanbeattributedtooriginalChinese，butconflictedwiththetransformationsabove：1)theso-calledRusheng[-t]alwaysappearswith-r；and2)nearlyhalfoftheYangsheng[-ng]arelostinbetweenthe9thcenturyto1190.
Rusheng[-r]
TheRushengfinal[-r]inthetraditionalreconstructionisanalveolar，non-aspirateandvoicelessstop[-t].Butourtextsshowsomethingdifferent：almostallsocalledRusheng[-1]finalsarerecordedwith-r.WehavelookedthroughallavailableChineseglossesfoundintheSogdian(Yoshida)，Tibetan(Csongor)，Khotanese(Emmerickpulleyblank)andUygur(Barat)texts，andfound92Rusheng[-t]words.Amongthem，onlythreewordshad-dor-tendings：Tibetanbad跋；phar，pher，phadhad，had4had发，andKhotanesesatta，saratherestofthemareallendwithTheyarewritteninSogdian，TibetantKhotanese，Uygur(inBrahmiBandinArabicA)-sixdifferentalphabetsThisoverwhelmingproportionisconvincingenoughtoshowthatinChineseNorthwesternHexidialect，theRusheng[-t]infactwasatrillorflapped[-r]whichdoesnotexistinanyChinesedialecttoday.
SqgdianRusheng[-11Glosses：
Thenon-Chineselanguageslistedabovealldistinguishthefinal-rfrom-tordintheirnativetongueandtheirscriptsForexample，Sogdian-jvt-tohold，r-todisappear，；Khotanesepat-tofall，barry，；Tibetandarsilk，anddodcomeout，；Uyguryat-toliedown，andyar-tosplitClearly，theycanhearandwritewhatis-fandwhatis-t.SocalledRusheng[-t]intheirearwasafamiliartrilledoratleastflapped[-r]Chinesehasaretroflex[r]intheinitialpositionclassifiedintheinitialRi曰Itisanexoticsoundinalmosteverylanguageintheworld.Noletterhaseverbeencreatedtoproperlyrepresentthissoundbesides[j]inIPAForexample，Uygurtriedtotranscribe人withyintsinorzin.Insum，wecanconcludethatatleastintheHexidialect，thereweretworsoundsOneisretroflex[l]intheinitialpositionwhichwascalledinitialRi曰；anotheroneistrilledorflapped[-r]inthefinalpositionmislabeledRushengfinal[-t]Earlier，Edkins(1880)andPelliot(1915)discoveredthe-trproblemandLuoconcluded-d）-S）-r(p.62)AccordingtoPulleyblank，[t]heevidenceofforeigntranscriptionsshowsclearlythatt，atleast，wasnolongerastopbuthadbecomeafricativeoroontinuentofsomekindM(EmmerickPulleyblankP.42).Therewasnotmuchevidenceavailableatthattime.Theydidnotdoubttheexistenceof-r，buttheywantedtoseeitasatransitionthatoccurredinbetweenRusheng-tand-O(zero)TheInstituteofHistoryandPhilologyoftheAcademiaSinicahasinvitedmeforthestudyofthistopic.Somescholarsinfavoroftheoriginal[-t]basedtheiropinionabouttheBurmese，Tibetanandothergeneticallyrelatedlanguages.
Historicallytheearliestappearanceofthe[-r]isunknown.OurRusheng[r]glossesaremostlyfromthe8thcenturyandlater.InaunhuangSogdianletterdatedin313，weseethetitletrxwn，ItsChinesetranscriptionis(K957dfatk447kuSn)达官IntheearlyBuddhisttranscriptionsfromlateHantotheThreeKingdomsA..150-265(Coblin1983)，Wehavefound-r-twerenotdistinctive：
